Abstracts
Précis
Une meilleure pollinisation croisée entre l’économie du travail et les relations industrielles conduirait à des gains mutuels. Le présent article s’articule autour de critiques courantes de l’économie du travail qui sont illustrées par des exemples tirés des relations industrielles. Ces critiques, ainsi que leurs principes sous-jacents, expliquent souvent d’importants concepts des relations industrielles et apportent par le fait- même des connaissances susceptibles d’enrichir les réflexions en économie du travail. L’intention de cet article est d’avoir un regard prospectif pour faire avancer la réflexion théorique et empirique sur les aspects actuels et futurs du travail et de l’emploi.
Résumé
L’économie du travail, qui se centrait autrefois sur les institutions et l’analyse descriptive à l’instar des relations industrielles, se concentre aujourd’hui sur une théorisation et des techniques empiriques rigoureuses comme le fait la science économique. Cet article relève des critiques courantes formulées à l’égard de l’économie du travail, qui sont illustrées par des exemples tirés des relations industrielles. Ces critiques dénoncent notamment que l’économie du travail formule des hypothèses irréalistes ; présume que tout un chacun est rationnel et parfaitement informé ; compte sur la défection (exit) comme moyen pour discipliner le marché et ignore la prise de parole (voice) ainsi que la loyauté (loyalty) ; adopte une approche quantitative selon laquelle tout est quantifiable et analysable, de sa cause jusqu’à son effet ; fait preuve d’impérialisme et croit que l’économie s’applique à tous les éléments du comportement humain ; ignore les déséquilibres de pouvoir, le déterminisme historique et les institutions ; s’entête à décrire les conséquences involontaires d’initiatives politiques bien intentionnées ; néglige les marchés internes du travail des entreprises ; se concentre sur l’efficacité au détriment d’importants enjeux de répartition et d’équité ; considère uniquement les effets sur les parties du secteur privé et ne tient pas compte des effets globaux sur la société dans son ensemble ; et fonctionne en vase clos et ignore les autres disciplines.
Tout en défendant l’économie du travail contre ces critiques, l’article adopte une perspective prospective pour faire avancer la réflexion théorique et empirique sur les aspects actuels et futurs du travail et de l’emploi en soulignant les gains mutuels qui pourraient provenir d’une intégration en économie du travail de principes bien établis en relations industrielles, tels que l’inégalité du pouvoir de négociation, l’importance de la prise de parole (voice) et de la loyauté, du raisonnement inductif par le biais de l’analyse qualitative et discursive ainsi que de l’utilisation de méthodes mixtes, impliquant à la fois des analyses quantitative et qualitative. De la même manière, les relations industrielles pourraient bénéficier des principes d’économie du travail tant sur le plan empirique que sur le plan théorique, puisque le travail empirique est essentiel pour tester et faire progresser la théorie. Cet article fournit des exemples précis issus de la littérature pour illustrer comment ces deux domaines peuvent contribuer l’un à l’autre.
Mots-clés :
- Économie du travail,
- relations industrielles,
- gains mutuels
Appendices
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