Abstracts
Résumé
Depuis la pandémie, un nombre croissant d’employés travaillent partiellement ou totalement à distance et en présentiel selon leur volonté ou des balises définies par leur employeur. Cette étude explore (1) les liens entre l’adoption de ces modes de travail qualifiés d’« hybride » (un changement d’organisation du travail important qui a modifié, entre autres, les lieux, les heures et la charge de travail) et diverses formes de comportement hostiles parmi le personnel ; (2) les moyens de prévenir et contrer l’émergence de comportements hostiles dans un contexte de travail hybride appelé à s’intensifier.
Notre revue des écrits et les résultats de nos entrevues menées auprès d’experts montrent que les modes de travail hybride, avec la virtualisation accrue des relations de travail, ont des incidences mitigées sur les comportements hostiles : ils peuvent agir comme un accélérateur tout comme inhibiteur selon les facteurs pris en compte. D’une part, la virtualisation accrue des relations entre le personnel augmenterait la portée des cas de harcèlement psychologique comme les gestes hostiles peuvent se poursuivre et s’étendre pour la victime en dehors de la présence physique de l’agresseur. D’autre part, la distanciation physique qu’entraîne une virtualisation accrue des relations interpersonnelles peut aussi avoir un effet réducteur sur les rapports hostiles au travail. Cependant, le contexte de travail à distance a des incidences manifestes sur l’augmentation du nombre de dénonciations ou de plaintes, puisqu’il est plus facile d’obtenir des preuves matérielles.
Nos résultats décrivent aussi l’importance du soutien offert par les employeurs et les superviseurs pour prévenir l’émergence de comportements hostiles en contexte de travail hybride à l’aide de divers moyens : adopter ou réviser les règles ou les politiques, réviser les modes de direction et supervision, maintenir la communication et clarifier les attentes, exercer une vigie et intervenir face aux incivilités, conflits et mal-être.
Précis
Cette étude explore les conséquences du recours massif aux modes de travail hybride sur l’adoption de divers comportements hostiles et sur les moyens de les prévenir. Nos entrevues menées auprès d’experts montrent que la virtualisation accrue des communications en contexte de travail hybride a des incidences mitigées sur le nombre et le type de comportements hostiles, mais qu’il a des effets manifestes sur le nombre et l’objet des dénonciations ou plaintes. Nos résultats décrivent l’importance du soutien offert par les employeurs et les superviseurs pour prévenir l’émergence de comportements hostiles en contexte de travail hybride. Les apports de ces résultats sur les plans théoriques et pratiques sont mis de l’avant.
Mots-clés :
- travail à distance,
- télétravail,
- incivilités,
- harcèlement,
- cyberharcèlement,
- bullying,
- cyberbullying,
- agression
Summary
Since the pandemic, an increasing number of employees have been working partially or fully remotely, or in person according to the wishes or guidelines set by their employers. This study explores (1) the links between the adoption of these "hybrid" modes of work (a significant change in work organization that has altered, among other things, locations, hours, and workload) and various forms of hostile behavior among staff, and (2) ways to prevent and counter the emergence of hostile behaviour in a hybrid work environment that is set to intensify.
Our literature review and the results of our expert interviews show that hybrid work patterns, along with the increased virtualization of work relationships, have mixed impacts on hostile behaviour: they can act as an accelerator and an inhibitor depending on the factors considered. On the one hand, the increased virtualization of relationships between staff would expand the scope of cases of psychological harassment as hostile acts can continue and extend for the victim outside the physical presence of the aggressor. On the other hand, the physical distancing caused by the increased virtualization of interpersonal relationships can also reduce hostile relationships at work. However, the remote work environment clearly impacts the increase in the number of whistleblowers or complaints, as it is easier to obtain physical evidence.
Our results also showcase the importance of support offered by employers and supervisors in preventing the emergence of hostile behaviour in a hybrid work context through various means: adopting or revising rules or policies, reviewing management and supervision methods, maintaining communication and clarifying expectations, monitoring and intervening in the face of incivility, conflicts, exhaustion or other problems of mental illness.
Keywords:
- Remote work,
- telecommuting,
- incivility,
- harassment,
- cyberharassment,
- bullying,
- cyberbullying,
- aggression
Appendices
Références
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