Abstracts
Summary
This paper addressed two research questions related to employment throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. First, how did the prevalence of different types of nonstandard employment change before and during the COVID-19 pandemic? Second, how did these changes differ by gender, immigration status, and age group? These questions are important to understanding how economic uncertainty and downturn may impact the types of employment that workers enter and who is impacted.
This study pools together 10 Canadian Labour Force Surveys from May 2017 to November 2021 and employs a multivariate linear regression analysis to answer the previously stated research objectives. Within these regression models, we examined the likelihood of entering temporary employment, part-time employment, and nonstandard self-employment before and throughout the pandemic. We also ran several interaction models to test whether changes to different types of nonstandard employment differed by sex, immigration status, and age. These interactions tested whether the likelihood of nonstandard employment differs by each demographic group before and during the pandemic.
The findings demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic differed from previous economic crises in its impact on nonstandard employment. The main finding was that rates of nonstandard wage work (temporary and part-time employment) decreased during the first initial lockdown and returned to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2020. Meanwhile, own-account and part-time self-employment increased during the first wave of the pandemic. During the first few months of the pandemic, the rate of nonstandard employment had a narrower gender gap and a wider immigrant/non-immigrant gap. There is also some evidence that the nonstandard self-employment rate increased among immigrants and women during the first few months.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically impacted employment across Canada. While several reports show an increase in job loss and unemployment, there is little mention of changes in types of employment during the pandemic. Drawing on the Canadian Labour Force Surveys from 2017-2021, this article explored how the pandemic affected nonstandard employment rates while examining whether these impacts differed by certain sociodemographic variables. Namely, differences in rates of nonstandard employment were explored by gender, immigrant status, and age group. The main finding was that rates of nonstandard wage work (temporary and part-time employment) decreased during the first initial lockdown and returned to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2020. Meanwhile, own-account and part-time self-employment increased during the first wave of the pandemic. While these increases were uniformly experienced across different groups of workers, there is some evidence of widening or narrowing gaps in rates of nonstandard employment depending on the sociodemographic group.
Keywords:
- nonstandard employment,
- COVID-19 pandemic,
- unemployment,
- Canada,
- Gender,
- Lockdown
Résumé
Comment la prévalence de différents types d'emplois atypiques a-t-elle changé avant et pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 et comment ces changements diffèrent-ils selon le sexe, le statut d'immigration et le groupe d'âge ? Ces questions sont importantes pour comprendre comment l'incertitude et le ralentissement économique peuvent avoir un impact sur les types d'emploi auxquels les travailleurs accèdent.
Cette étude regroupe 10 enquêtes canadiennes sur la population active de mai 2017 à novembre 2021 et utilise une analyse de régression linéaire multivariée pour répondre aux questions de recherche énoncés précédemment. Dans le cadre de ces modèles de régression, nous avons examiné la probabilité d'entrer dans un emploi temporaire, un emploi à temps partiel et un emploi indépendant avant et pendant la pandémie. Nous avons également vérifié si les changements vers différents types d'emplois atypiques différaient selon le sexe, le statut d'immigrant et l'âge.
Nos résultats montrent que la pandémie de COVID-19 diffère des crises économiques précédentes par son impact sur l'emploi atypique. Principalement, les taux d'emploi salarié atypique (emploi temporaire et à temps partiel) ont diminué pendant le confinement initial et sont revenus aux niveaux d'avant la pandémie à la fin de 2020. En même temps, le travail indépendant à son propre compte à temps partiel a augmenté pendant la première vague. Au cours des premiers mois de la pandémie, le taux d'emploi atypique présentait un écart plus restreint entre les sexes et alors que l’écart était plus large entre les immigrants et les non-immigrants. Certains éléments indiquent également que, de manière générale, le taux d'emploi indépendant atypique a augmenté chez les immigrants et les femmes au cours des premiers mois.
Précis
La pandémie de COVID-19 a eu un impact considérable sur l'emploi au Canada. Alors que plusieurs rapports montrent une augmentation des pertes d'emploi et du chômage, peu s’attardent aux changements dans les types d'emploi pendant la pandémie. En s'appuyant sur les enquêtes canadiennes sur la population active de 2017 à 2021, cet article explore comment la pandémie a affecté les taux d'emplois atypiques tout en examinant si ces impacts différaient selon certaines variables sociodémographiques. Plus précisément, les différences dans les taux d'emploi atypique ont été explorées selon le sexe, le statut d'immigrant et le groupe d'âge. La principale conclusion est que les taux d'emploi salarié atypique (emploi temporaire et à temps partiel) ont diminué pendant le premier verrouillage initial et sont revenus aux niveaux pré-pandémiques à la fin de 2020. Parallèlement, le travail indépendant à son propre compte et à temps partiel a augmenté pendant la première vague de la pandémie. Si ces augmentations ont été constatées de manière uniforme dans les différents groupes de travailleurs, certains éléments indiquent que les écarts entre les taux d'emploi atypique se creusent ou se réduisent selon le groupe sociodémographique.
Mots-clés:
- emploi atypique,
- COVID-19,
- chômage,
- Canada,
- Genre,
- Confinement,
- Immigration,
- âge
Appendices
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