Abstracts
Abstract
In the wake of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Accord and the Alliance were launched as two separate private initiatives alongside the National Initiative (NI) to improve the workplace safety of ready-made garment (RMG) workers in Bangladesh. Together, these three initiatives created multi-level labour regulation with both vertical and horizontal layering. From a multi-level governance perspective, we conducted qualitative research by means of interviews (N = 41) and archival data to analyze the post- Rana Plaza labour regulation experience of Bangladesh’s RMG sector.
While our findings indicate the effectiveness of the vertical flow of institutional regulation, they also reveal significant horizontal challenges during implementation of the private initiatives alongside the public NI. Participants believed that the Accord and the Alliance were more effective than individual corporation-led private monitoring because they both approached intervention with a focus on select safety issues with time-bound deliverables, expertise and resources and with effective exercise of sanctions for noncompliance. In contrast, most of the participants saw the NI as much less effective, deploring its insufficient resources, lack of transparency in reporting progress and “softness” in punishing noncompliance. Horizontal operations of the Accord and the Alliance along with those of the NI created some complexities, such as differences in remediation recommendations, an oppositional attitude among non-public and public regulatory team members and a burden of remediation costs on factory owners.
In the absence of a legal basis for international labour regulation, these findings will help provide a nuanced understanding of the power dynamics involved in negotiating the revised form and extent of international regulation after the expiration of the Accord and the Alliance, thus shedding light on the ever-evolving forms of international labour regulation. This research will contribute to debate among policy makers and scholars on how best to improve workers’ safety in globally dispersed production networks.
Summary
Following the Rana Plaza tragedy, two private institutional regulation initiatives, the Accord and Alliance, emerged to address ready-made garment workers’ safety in Bangladesh, alongside the public National Initiative. These three initiatives constitute multi-level regulation with vertical and horizontal layering. Employing this governance framework, this qualitative study analyzes these initiatives using interviews (N=41) and archival data. Our findings suggest an effective vertical flow of private institutional regulation but reveal significant horizontal challenges. We also examine the power dynamics during implementation and in negotiating international regulation after the expiration of the Accord and Alliance, in the absence of a legal basis for international labour regulation. This research contributes to the debate among policy makers and scholars over how to improve workers’ safety in globally dispersed production networks.
Keywords:
- Bangladesh ,
- RMG industry,
- international labour regulation,
- multi-level governance,
- worker safety,
- qualitative study
Résumé
À la suite de la tragédie de l’édifice du Rana Plaza, l’Accord et l’Alliance ont été lancés en tant que deux initiatives privées distinctes, parallèlement à l’Initiative nationale (IN), afin d’améliorer la sécurité au travail des ouvriers du secteur du prêt-à-porter au Bangladesh. Ensemble, ces trois initiatives ont formé une réglementation du travail à plusieurs niveaux, comportant une stratification verticale et horizontale. Dans une perspective de gouvernance à plusieurs niveaux, nous avons mené une recherche qualitative au moyen d’entretiens (N = 41) et de données d’archives afin d’analyser la réglementation du travail dans le secteur du prêt-à-porter au Bangladesh après l’effondrement du Rana Plaza.
Si nos résultats indiquent l’efficacité du flux vertical de la réglementation institutionnelle, ils révèlent également des défis horizontaux importants quant à la mise en oeuvre des initiatives privées parallèlement à l’IN publique. Les participants ont estimé que l’Accord et l’Alliance étaient plus efficaces que la surveillance privée menée par des sociétés individuelles, puisque ces deux initiatives comportent des interventions axées sur des questions de sécurité précises accompagnées d’échéanciers, d’expertise et de ressources. De plus, ces initiatives prévoient des sanctions en cas de non-conformité. En revanche, la plupart des participants ont considéré que l’IN était beaucoup moins efficace, déplorant ses ressources insuffisantes, son manque de transparence dans le suivi des progrès accomplis et son manque de rigueur dans l’application des sanctions en cas de non-conformité. Les opérations horizontales de l’Accord, de l’Alliance et de l’IN ont créé certaines complexités, comme des divergences concernant les recommandations des mesures de remise en état, des oppositions entre les membres des équipes de réglementation publique et privée, ainsi qu’un fardeau financier pour les propriétaires d’usines devant payer les coûts associés aux mesures de remise en état.
En l’absence d’un fondement juridique pour la réglementation internationale du travail, ces résultats aideront à fournir une compréhension nuancée de la dynamique du pouvoir impliquée dans la négociation de la révision et de l’étendue de la réglementation internationale après l’expiration de l’Accord et de l’Alliance, mettant ainsi en lumière la constante évolution de la réglementation internationale du travail. La présente recherche contribuera au débat entre les décideurs politiques et les universitaires sur la meilleure façon d’améliorer la sécurité des travailleurs dans les réseaux de production établis partout dans le monde.
Précis
Suite à la tragédie du Rana Plaza, en tant que deux initiatives privées distinctes, l’Accord et l’Alliance, ont été lancés parallèlement à l’Initiative nationale (IN), afin d’améliorer la sécurité au travail des ouvriers du secteur du prêt-à-porter au Bangladesh, formant une réglementation du travail à plusieurs niveaux, Nous avons mené une recherche qualitative au moyen d’entretiens (N = 41) et de données d’archives afin d’analyser cette réglementation dans le secteur du prêt-à-porter au Bangladesh après l’effondrement du Rana Plaza. Si nos résultats indiquent l’efficacité du flux vertical de la réglementation institutionnelle, ils révèlent également des défis horizontaux importants quant à la mise en oeuvre des initiatives privées parallèlement à l’IN publique en l’absence d’un fondement juridique pour la réglementation internationale du travail. Ces résultats aideront à comprendre les dynamiques de pouvoir impliquée dans la négociation de réglementations internationales.
Mots clés:
- Bangladesh,
- Industrie du prêt à porter,
- réglementation internationale du travail,
- gouvernance multi-niveaux,
- sécurité des travailleurs,
- étude qualitative
Appendices
References
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