Abstracts
Abstract
This study contributes to the emerging literature on the interplay between safety committees and employee perceptions of organizational safety culture. Creating, managing and maintaining a safety culture in organizations involves significant investment in the establishment of safety committees. The role of such committees in improving safety culture perceptions has remained underexplored in the safety management and organizational literature.
This study addresses that gap and focuses on a safety committee within the facilities management operations of a large American academic institution. The objective is to generate understandings of how a committee can influence organizational cultural change and impact employee perceptions of safety.
Using Schein’s organizational culture model as a prism, we unpack the employees’ implicit cultural beliefs. Data from over sixty employee interviews revealed that formation of the Safety Committee resulted in unintended consequences in terms of employee perceptions.
Employees attributed most safety-related actions to the committee when, in fact, the managers and supervisors had actually carried them out. This overestimation of committee activities and concomitant underestimation of managerial actions by employees was an unintended consequence of establishing a committee. Employees, in fact, collectively attributed all positive changes in the organizational culture to the committee. The committee ultimately influenced the employees’ basic assumptions, such change being, according to Schein, a prerequisite for organizational cultural change.
This study, therefore, contributes to the literature by proposing that unintended consequences can operate in three different ways to support organizational change. First, unintended consequences can promote positive outcomes; second, they can reveal a new understanding of committees, which under certain circumstances can act as a proxy for management and encourage positive perceptions of managerial commitment. Lastly, unintended consequences can provide a means to detect and ‘excavate’ hidden, implicit assumptions that drive organizational culture’s deepest layers.
Keywords:
- safety culture,
- committees,
- unintended consequences,
- organizational culture,
- facilities management,
- Schein’s model
Résumé
Cette étude contribue à la littérature émergente sur l’interaction entre les comités de sécurité et la culture de sécurité organisationnelle. La création, la gestion et la maintenance d’une culture de sécurité dans une organisation requièrent un investissement significatif de ressources, notamment pour la création d’un comité de sécurité. L’impact de celui-ci dans l’amélioration des perceptions sur la sécurité est resté jusqu’alors relativement sous-étudié dans la littérature.
Cette étude s’intéresse à cette problématique et examine le rôle d’un comité de sécurité dans le département des opérations d’une grande université américaine. Notre objet est d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives quant à l’influence et l’impact de ces comités sur les perceptions des collaborateurs dans un processus global de changement de culture organisationnelle.
En déployant le modèle de culture organisationnel de Schein, nous avons sondé les croyances implicites d’une soixantaine de salariés interviewés. Les données recueillies ont révélé que l’allocation de temps et de ressources dans le comité ont créé une perception positive sur l’engagement managérial vis-à-vis de la sécurité. Les employés ont, ainsi, attribué au comité la majorité des actions relatives à la sécurité, alors qu’en réalité les initiatives concernées ont été portées par les managers et superviseurs travaillant directement sur le terrain. Une telle surestimation de l’activité du comité et sous-estimation concomitante de l’activité par les managers directs est une conséquence inattendue de la création du comité de sécurité. En effet, les employés ont collectivement attribué tout changement positif au comité.
Ceci a permis à celui-ci d’exercer une influence sur les postulats fondamentaux des employés; un prérequis, selon Schein, pour réaliser un changement de culture organisationnelle. Cette étude contribue donc à la littérature en avançant la notion que les conséquences inattendues peuvent fonctionner de trois manières différentes pour soutenir le changement organisationnel. Premièrement, elles peuvent promouvoir des résultats positifs; deuxièmement, elles peuvent révéler le pouvoir légitimant d’une ‘main invisible’ managériale; et, troisièmement, elles peuvent servir d’outil pour détecter et déterrer les postulats de base de la culture organisationnelle.
Mots-clés:
- culture de sécurité,
- comités,
- conséquences inattendues,
- culture organisationnelle,
- gestion des installations,
- modèle de Schein
Appendices
Appendices
References
- Anthony, Peter (1990) “The Paradox of the Management of Culture or ‘He Who Leads is Lost’.” Personnel Review, 19 (4), 3-8.10.1108/00483489010143131 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Allison, Scott and David Messick (1985) “The Group Attribution Error.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21 (6), 563-579.10.1016/0022-1031(85)90025-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Antonsen, Stian (2009c) “Safety Culture and the Issue of Power.” Safety Science, 47 (2), 183-191.10.1016/j.ssci.2008.02.004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Argyris, Chris and Donald Schön (1996) Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method and Practice. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
10.7202/050133ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bryce, George K. and Pran Manga (1985) “The Effectiveness of Health and Safety Committees.” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 40 (2), 257-283.
10.7202/050133ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Burgelman, Robert (1983) “A Process Model of Internal Corporate Venturing in the Diversified Major Firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 28 (2), 223-244.10.2307/2392619 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (2016) Investigation Report, Volume 3: Drilling Rig Explosion and Fire at the Macondo Well. Retrieved from www.csb.gov/macondo-blowout-and-explosion/, (June 20th, 2016).10.1111/1468-2370.00031 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Choudhry, Rafiq, Dongping Fang and Sherif Mohamed (2007) “The Nature of Safety Culture: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art.” Safety Science, 45 (10), 993-1012.10.1016/j.ssci.2006.09.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Clarke, Sharon (2000) “Safety Culture: Under-Specified and Overrated?” International Journal of Management Reviews, 2 (1), 65-90.10.1111/1468-2370.00031 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cooper, Dominic (2000) “Towards a Model of Safety Culture.” Safety Science, 36 (2), 111-136. 10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00035-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cooper, Dominic (2016) Navigating the Safety Culture Construct: A Review of the Evidence. Franklin, IN, USA: BSMS.10.1108/S1479-361X(2012)0000011010 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cox, Sue and Tom Cox (1991) “The Structure of Employee Attitudes to Safety—A European Example.” Work and Stress, 5, 93-106.10.1080/02678379108257007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Coyle, L. and Leopold, J. (1981) “How Effective Are Health and Safety Committees?” Occupational Safety and Health, November, 20-22.10.5465/19416520.2015.1007645 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Douglas, Mary (1970) Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology. London: Barrie and Rockliff.10.23943/princeton/9780691149707.001.0001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Douglas, Mary (1978) Cultural Bias. London: Royal Anthropology Institute.10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00014-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dutton, Jane and Janet Dukerich (1991) “Keeping an Eye on the Mirror: Image and Identity in Organizational Adaptation.” The Academy of Management Journal, 34 (3), 517-554.10.1007/978-3-319-95129-4_3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eaton, Adrienne and Thomas Nocerino (2000) “The Effectiveness of Health and Safety Committees: Results of a Survey of Public-Sector Workplaces.” Industrial Relations, 39 (2), 265-290.10.1037/amp0000238 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eckstein, Harry (1975) “Case Study and Theory in Political Science.” In Roger Gomm, Martyn Hammersley and Peter. Foster (eds) Case Study Method. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.10.1136/bmjqs.2010.040964 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fleming, Mark, Rhona Flin, Kathryn Mearns and Rachael Gordon (1996) The Offshore Supervisor’s Role in Safety Management: Law Enforcer or Risk Manager. Paper presented at the SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference, New Orleans, 9-12 June.10.2118/35906-MS Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fong, Cher-Min and Chun-Ling Lee (2012) “Reputation Spillover Effects and Post-Acquisition Performance: A Customer Perspective.” Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions. London: Emerald, p. 139-154.10.1108/S1479-361X(2012)0000011010 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fusch, Patricia and Lawrence Ness (2015) “Are We There Yet? Data Saturation in Qualitative Research.” The Qualitative Report, 20 (9), 1408-1416.10.1016/j.ssci.2006.05.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Furnham, Adrian and Barrie Gunter (1993) Corporate Assessment: Auditing a Company’s Personality. Routledge, London.10.1111/j.1467-9930.2007.00253.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Giddens, Anthony (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1108/JCOM-08-2017-0081 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Globerman, Steven (2000) “Trade Liberalisation and the Migration of Skilled Professionals and Managers: The North American Experience.” The World Economy, 23 (7), 901-922.10.1111/1467-9701.00308 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Glendon, Ian and Neville Stanton (1998) Safety Culture: Top Down and Bottom Up Approaches. Paper presented at the 24th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Safety Culture Symposium, 9-14 August, San Francisco, CA, USA.10.7551/mitpress/6996.001.0001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Giorgi, Simona, Christi Lockwood and Mary Ann Glynn (2015) “The Many Faces of Culture: Making Sense of 30 years of Research on Culture in Organization Studies.” The Academy of Management Annals, 9 (1), 1-54.10.5465/19416520.2015.1007645 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Goertz, Gary and James Mahoney (2012) A Tale of Two Cultures: Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.23943/princeton/9780691149707.001.0001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Guldenmund, Frank (2000) “The Nature of Safety Culture: A Review of Theory and Research.” Safety Science, 34, 215-257.10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00014-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Guldenmund, Frank (2010) Understanding and Exploring Safety Culture. Oisterwijk: BOXPress.10.5130/ajceb.v10i1/2.1593 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Guldenmund, Frank (2018) “Understanding Safety Culture through Models and Metaphors.” In Claude Gilbert, Benoit Journé, Hervé Laroche and Corinne Bieder, Safety Cultures, Safety Models: Taking Stock and Moving Torward. Switzerland: Springer Open.10.1007/978-3-319-95129-4_3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Greenwald, Anthony and Mahzarin Banaji (2017) “The Implicit Revolution: Reconceiving the Relation between Conscious and Unconscious.” American Psychologist, 72 (9), 861-871.10.1037/amp0000238 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hale, Andrew (2000) “Cultures Confusions.” Safety Science, 34 (1-3), 1-14.10.2307/20049444 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hall, Alan, Anne Forrest and Alan Sears (2003) Restructuring and Occupational Health and Safety in the Auto Parts Sector. Paper Presented at Auto 21 Conference on the Auto Industry, Hamilton, Ontario, April 24, 2003.10.1016/0169-8141(94)90075-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hall Alan, Anne Forrest, Alan Sears and Niki Carlan (2006) “Knowledge Activism and the Workplace Politics of Occupational Health.” Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 61 (3), 408-436.10.1016/S0925-7535(02)00011-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Halligan, Michelle and Aleksandra Zecevic (2011) “Safety Culture in Healthcare: A Review of Concepts, Dimensions, Measures and Progress.” BMJ Quality and Safety, 338-343.10.1136/bmjqs.2010.040964 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Harris, Lloyd and Emmanuel Ogbonna (2002) “The Unintended Consequences of Culture Interventions: A Study of Unexpected Outcomes.” British Journal of Management, 13, 31-49.10.1111/1467-8551.00221 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hofmann, David and Adam Stetzer (1996) “A Crosslevel Investigation of Factors Influencing Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents.” Personnel Psychology, 49 (2), 307-339.10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01802.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hofstede, Geert (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London, UK: McGraw-Hill.10.1016/j.jsr.2013.10.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hopkins, Andrew (2005) Safety Culture and Risk: The Organizational Causes of Disasters. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd.10.1111/1467-8551.00098 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hopkins, Andrew (2006) “Studying Organizational Cultures and their Effects on Safety.” Safety Science, 44, 875-889.10.1016/j.ssci.2006.05.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hopkins, Andrew (2007) “Beyond Compliance Monitoring: New Strategies for Safety Regulators.” Law and Policy, 29 (2), 210-225.10.1111/j.1467-9930.2007.00253.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HSC for Health and Safety Commission (1993) Third Report: Organizing for Safety. ACSNI Study Group on Human Factors, HMSO, London.10.1080/02678379808256868 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ingenhoff, Diana, Alexander Buhmann, Candace White, Tianduo Zhang and Spiro Kiousis (2018) “Reputational Spillover: Corporate Crises’ Effects on Country Reputation”, Journal of Communication Management, 22 (1), 96-112.10.1108/JCOM-08-2017-0081 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- INSAG-1 (1986) International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group’s Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.10.1016/j.ssci.2003.12.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Johnson, Gerry and Kevan Scholes (1999) Exploring Corporate Strategy, 5th Edition. Europe: Prentice-Hall.10.1080/14774003.2013.11667785 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kochan, Thomas, Lee Dyker and David Lipsky (1977) The Effectiveness of Union-Management Safety and Health Committees. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Inst. for Employment Research.10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.109 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kok, Herman, Mark Mobach and Onno Omta (2011) “The Added Value of Facility Management in the Educational Environment.” Journal of Facilities Management, 9 (4), 249-265.10.1108/14725961111170662 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lal, Deepak (ed.) (1998) Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture and Politics on Long-run Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/6996.001.0001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Langford, David, Steve Rowlinson and Edwin Sawacha (2000) “Safety Behaviour and Safety Management: Its Influence on the Attitudes of Workers in the UK Construction Industry.” Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 7 (2), 133-140.10.1108/eb021138 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Langley, Ann (1999) “Strategies for Theorizing from Process Data.” Academy of Management Review, 24 (4), 691-710. 10.5465/amr.1999.2553248 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Langley, Ann, Clive Smallman, Haridimo Tsoukas and Andrew Van De Ven (2013) “Process Studies of Change in Organization and Management: Unveiling Temporality, Activity and Flow.” Academy of Management Journal, 56 (1), 1-13.10.5465/amj.2013.4001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lateef, Olanrewaju, Faris Khmidi and Arazi Idrus (2010) “Building Maintenance Management in a Malaysian University Campus: A Case Study”, Australian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 10 (1/2), 76-89.10.5130/ajceb.v10i1/2.1593 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lewchuk, Wayne, Leslie Robb and Vivienne Walters (1996) “The Effectiveness of Bill 70 and Joint Health and Safety Committees in Reducing Injuries in the Workplace: The Case of Ontario.” Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 22 (3), 225.10.2307/3551503 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lund, Johan and Leif Aarø (2004) “Accident Prevention. Presentation of a Model Placing Emphasis on Human, Structural and Cultural Factors.” Safety Science, 42 (4), 271-324.10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00045-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mandelbaum, Michael (1999) “A Perfect Failure.” Foreign Affairs, 78 (5), 2-8.10.2307/20049444 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Martin, Joanne (1992) Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives. London: Oxford University Press.10.1108/00483489710176048 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mattila, Markku, Marita Hyttinen and Eeva Rantanen (1994) “Effective Supervisory Behaviour and Safety at the Building Site.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 13 (2), 85-93.10.1016/0169-8141(94)90075-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mearns, Kathryn, Sean Whitaker and Rhona Flin (2003) “Safety Climate, Safety Management Practice and Safety Performance in Off Shore Environments.” Safety Science, 41 (8), 641-680.10.1016/S0925-7535(02)00011-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Merton, Robert (1936) “The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action.” American Sociological Review, 1, 894-904.10.2307/2084615 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Milgate, Nadine, Ev Innes and Kate O’Loughlin (2002) “Examining the Effectiveness of Health and Safety Committees and Representatives: A Review.” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 19 (3), 281-290.10.1177/154193120204601520 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morse, Tim, Anne Bracker, Nicholas Warren, Jeanette Goyzueta and Matthew Cook (2013) “Characteristics of Effective Health and Safety Committees: Survey Results.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 56 (2), 163-179.10.1002/ajim.22096 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Myers, Douglas, James Nyce and Sidney Dekker (2014) “Setting Culture Apart: Distinguishing Culture from Behavior and Social Structure in Safety and Injury Research.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 68, 25-29.10.1016/j.aap.2013.12.010 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nielsen, Kent (2014) “Improving Safety Culture through the Health and Safety Organization: A Case Study.” Journal of Safety Research, 48, 7-17.10.1016/j.jsr.2013.10.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ogbonna, Emmanuel and Lloyd Harris (1998) “Managing Organizational Culture: Compliance or Genuine Change?” British Journal of Management, 9, 273-288.10.1111/1467-8551.00098 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ogbeifun, Edoghogho, Charles Mbohwa and Jan-Harm Pretorius (2016) “Facilities Management Unit: Improving Self-Image before its Customers.” Facilities, 34 (13), 956-975.10.1108/F-05-2015-0035 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Grady, John (2000) “Joint Health and Safety Committees: Finding a Balance.” In: T. J. Sullivan, Injury and the New World of Work. Vancouver: UBC Press, p. 162-197.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ontario Advisory Council on Occupational Health and Safety (1986) Eighth Annual Report, Vol. 2: An Evaluation of Joint Health and Safety Committees. Toronto: Ontario, Ministry of Labour.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parker, David, Lisa Brosseau, Yogindra Samant, Wei Pan, Min Xi and Dave Haugan (2007) “A Comparison of the Perceptions and Beliefs of Workers and Owners with Regard to Workplace Safety in Small Metal Fabrication Businesses.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50 (12), 999-1009.10.1002/ajim.20508 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reason, James (1998) “Achieving a Safe Culture: Theory and Practice.” Work and Stress, 12 (3), 293-306.10.1080/02678379808256868 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reason, James (2000) “Beyond the Limitations of Safety Systems,” Australian Safety News (April).Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reichers, Arnon and Benjamin Schneider (1990) “Climate and Culture: An Evolution of Constructs.” In Benjamin Schneider (Ed.), Organizational Climate and Culture. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2281 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reiman, Teemu and Carl Rollenhagen (2018) “Safety Culture”. In Niklas Möller et al., Handbook of Safety Principles. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.10.1002/9781119443070.ch28 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richter, Anne and Christian Koch (2004) “Integration, Differentiation and Ambiguity in Safety Cultures.” Safety Science, 42, 703-722.10.1016/j.ssci.2003.12.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Seixas, Noah, Allison Crollard, Rick Neitzel, Bert Stover and Carlos Dominguez (2013) “Intervening at the Bottom: Can a Health and Safety Committee Intervention Influence Management Commitment?” Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 11 (1), 61-78.10.1080/14774003.2013.11667785 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Shearn, Peter (2004) Workforce Participation in the Management of Occupational Health and Safety. Human Factors Group, Health and Safety Laboratory, Report Number HSL/2005/09.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schein, Edgar (1984) “Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture.” Sloan Management Review, 25, 3-16.10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00003-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schein, Edgar (1985) Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schein, Edgar (1990) “Organizational Culture.” American Psychologist, 45, 109-119.10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.109 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schobel, Markus, Anne Klostermann, Ruth Lassalle, Johannes Beck and Dietrich Manzey (2017) “Digging Deeper: Insights from a Multi-Method Assessment of Safety Culture in Nuclear Power Plants based on Schein’s Culture Model.” Safety Science, 95, 38-49.10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Short, Jeffery, Linda Boyle, Sandra Shackelford, Bob Inderbitzen and Gene Bergoffen (2007) Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program: Synthesis of Safety Practice – Synthesis 14: The Role of Safety Culture in Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle Crashes. Transportation Research Board, Washington.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Silbey, Susan (2009) “Taming Prometheus: Talk about Safety and Culture.” Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 341-369.10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134707 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Simard, Marcel and Alain Marchand (1995) “A Multilevel Analysis of Organizational Factors Related to the Taking of Safety Initiatives by Work Groups.” Safety Science, 21 (2), 113-129.10.1016/0925-7535(95)00050-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smitha, Matt, Katharine Kirk, Kent Oestenstad, Kathleen Brown and Seung-Dong Lee (2001) “Effect of State Workplace Safety Laws on Occupational Injury Rates.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 43, 1001-1010.10.1097/00043764-200112000-00002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Strauss, Anselm (1987) Qualitative Analysis. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Strauss, Anselm and Juliet Corbin (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: Sage Publ.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Taylor, Paul and Richard Braddock (2007) “International University Ranking System and the Idea of University Excellence.” Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 29 (3), 245-260.10.1080/13600800701457855 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tuohy, Carolyn and Marcel Simard (1993) The Impact of Joint Health and Safety Committees in Ontario and Quebec. Toronto: Report to the Canadian Association of Administrators of Labour Law.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Vogus, Timothy, Kathleen Sutcliffe and Karl Weick (2010) “Doing no Harm: Enabling, Enacting and Elaborating a Culture of Safety in Health Care.” Academy of ManagementPerspectives, 24, 60-77.10.5465/amp.2010.24.4.3652485.a Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Van De Ven, Andrew (1992) “Suggestions for Studying Strategy Process: A Research Note.” Strategic Management Journal, 13 (S1), 169-188.10.1002/smj.4250131013 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Walters, David (1996a) “Trade Unions and the Effectiveness of Worker Representation in Health and Safety in Britain.” International Journal of Health Services, 26 (4), 625-641.10.2190/7HNA-UC0T-LU1B-R9P1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Walters, David (1996b) “The Effectiveness of Employees Representation in Health and Safety at the Workplace Level in Europe.” New Solutions, 7 (1), 53-60.10.2190/NS7.1.l Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Walters, David (1996c) “Trade Unions and the Training of Health and Safety Representatives: Challenges of the 1990s.” Personnel Review, 26 (5), 357-376.10.1108/00483489710176048 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Walters, Vivienne (1985) “The Politics of Occupational Health and Safety: Interviews with Workers’ Health and Safety Representatives and Company Doctors.” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 22 (1), 57-79.10.1111/j.1755-618X.1985.tb00717.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Weick, Karl (1993) “The Collapse of Sense Making in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster.” AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 38 (4), 628-652.10.2307/2393339 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Willems, Jurgen, Caroline Waldner and Dominik Vogel (2019) “Reputation Spillover Effects from Grant Providing Institutions.” Non Profit Management and Leadership, 1-22.10.1002/nml.21357 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yassi, Annalee (2012) “The Effectiveness of Joint Health and Safety Committees: A Systematic Review.” In: Worksafe BC, February, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yin, Robert (2003) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zhang, Hui, Douglas Wiegmann, Terry von Thaden, Gunjan Sharma and Alyssa Mitchell (2002) “Safety Culture: A Concept in Chaos?” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 46 (15), 1401-1408.10.1177/154193120204601520 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zohar, Dov (2000) “A Group-Level Model of Safety Climate: Testing the Effect of Group Climate on Micro-Accidents in Manufacturing Jobs.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (4), 587-596.10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.587 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
