Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article s’intéresse à l’Organization United for Respect at Walmart, l’une des initiatives nationales les plus ambitieuses en matière d’organisation de la main-d’oeuvre aux États-Unis au cours de la dernière décennie. S’appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée autour du travail d’organisation des employés lors d’actions et de mobilisations de OUR Walmart (OWM) de 2013 à 2018, il revient sur les transformations de la campagne d’organisation des inorganisés (organizing) du géant de la grande distribution.
À partir d’une approche diachronique des dimensions pratiques et rhétoriques d’OWM, nous verrons que l’effort d’organisation lancé par le grand syndicat des travailleurs de l’alimentation et du commerce UFCW, puis sa poursuite de manière indépendante après 2014, ont conduit OWM à opérer un virage numérique. Cet article montre, plus spécifiquement, que le lancement d’OWM dans le cadre d’une campagne syndicale visant le distributeur Walmart et son existence en tant qu’association indépendante depuis se caractérisent par deux approches de l’organisation des inorganisés.
Au terme d’une revue de littérature portant sur les enjeux de cette stratégie, sur les caractéristiques de la campagne et la méthodologie adoptée, l’article examine comment OWM est passée d’une approche de l’organisation des inorganisés par un grand syndicat des services à une campagne beaucoup plus modeste en effectifs et en ressources financières. Liant innovations numériques et participation active des salariés, le virage technologique et réticulaire entamé par OWM souligne ainsi une opportunité de rendre visibles les inégalités raciales et de genre, tout en favorisant la coconstruction d’une solidarité professionnelle à grande échelle dans une entreprise et un secteur auparavant jugés hors d’atteinte et qui aujourd’hui, se trouvent particulièrement exposés en matière de risques en santé et sécurité au travail.
Mots-clés:
- inégalités,
- numérique,
- bas salaire,
- travailleurs inorganisés,
- campagne d’organisation,
- États-Unis
Abstract
This article focuses on Organization United for Respect at Walmart, one of the major labour organizing campaigns that has been mounted in the United States over the past decade. In 7 years, OUR Walmart (OWM) achieved a series of victories over the giant retailer, which for 50 years remained inflexible in the face of all forms of employee demands (referred to as “Associates”). From its emergence as an association funded by one of the major North American trade union organizations in 2011, until its continuation independently of union funding after 2014, by means of what mechanisms and practices did OWM expand, sustain, and manage to obtain from the multinational a series of minimum wage increases for more than one million employees?
The article highlights the variety of concrete practices involved in organizing employees within a multinational service company through a study of the OWM association. In particular, it underscores the evolution of the association’s increasingly successful and innovative use of digital technologies between 2013 and 2018. The effort to organize Walmart’s employees thus went from being a field campaign orchestrated by a large trade union in its early days to becoming an independent campaign with a much smaller staff and fewer financial resources.
OWM thus brought about a shift in technology and in organizational networking through digital innovations and active employee participation. This shift provided an opportunity to make racial and gender inequalities visible while promoting the co-construction of large-scale professional solidarity in companies and sectors that had previously been considered out of reach and which today, though considered essential, are particularly exposed to workplace health and safety hazards.
Keywords:
- inequalities,
- digital technology,
- low-wage workers,
- labour organizing,
- United States
Appendices
Bibliographie
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