Abstracts
Résumé
Le modèle social historique que connaissent la plupart des pays industrialisés s’est bâti sur des fondations solides qui, à l’instar du théâtre classique, repose sur ces trois unités : unité de lieu de travail (l’atelier, la fabrique, l’usine, le bureau), unité de temps de travail (les horaires de travail hebdomadaires, les périodes de repos) et unité d’action (l’organisation collective du travail). Or, après avoir connu, vers la fin du 20e siècle, des « fissurations » dans l’unité de lieu avec le développement de la sous-traitance, des chaînes de valeur mondiales et la coordination d’entreprises subordonnées, l’économie de plateforme et les nouvelles formes d’externalisation du travail qu’elle permet contribuent, aujourd’hui, à éroder l’ensemble de ces fondements, à tout le moins dans certains segments de l’économie, ce qui a pour effet de «liquéfier» le travail et de fragiliser ce modèle social historique.
Le travail dans l’économie de plateforme échappe aux régulations de lieux, de temps et de l’organisation collective. Autrement dit, pour les travailleurs de plateforme, il n’y a pas de locaux d’entreprise, pas de collègues, pas d’horaires, pas de représentants du personnel, pas non plus de règlements en matière de santé et de sécurité, pas de prévention des accidents du travail, pas de congés payés, pas de négociation collective, pas d’assurance-maladie… Cette nouvelle forme de fragilisation et de précarisation des travailleurs donne lieu, depuis quelques années, à l’expérimentation de pratiques innovantes, parmi lesquelles la création de collectifs autonomes, l’organisation d’actions collectives, la construction de cahiers de revendications, mais aussi le répertoire d’action plus traditionnel du mouvement syndical : sensibilisation, organisation, négociation.
Certes, ces stratégies sont confrontées à des obstacles inédits tels que la difficulté à identifier le responsable de la relation de travail, l’absence de lieu de dialogue social, la confusion concernant le statut du travailleur, la difficulté à organiser ces îlots de travailleurs éparpillés en l’absence de lieux d’échange entre eux. Malgré leurs limitations, ces expérimentations sociales peuvent être vues comme l’embryon d’un modèle social adapté à l’économie de plateforme et, plus largement, à la généralisation du numérique dans l’économie.
Mots-clés:
- ère numérique,
- économie de plateforme,
- modèle social,
- plateformes de travail en ligne,
- syndicats
Abstract
The historical social model of most industrialized countries was built on solid foundations, which can be compared to the three classical unities of theatre: unity of the place of work (workshop, cottage industry, factory, office), unity of the time of work (weekly work schedules, rest periods), and unity of action (collective organization of work). In the late 20th century, unity of place began to “fissure” with the development of outsourcing and global value chains and the coordination of subsidiaries. Today, the platform economy and the new forms of outsourcing it makes possible are contributing to the erosion of all these foundations, at least in certain segments of the economy. This erosion is having the effect of “liquefying” work and weakening the historical social model.
Work in the platform economy escapes the controls of place, time and collective organization. In other words, for platform workers there are no company premises, no colleagues, no schedules, no staff representatives, no health and safety regulations, no prevention of accidents at work, no paid holidays, no collective bargaining and no health insurance. This new model of tenuous and precarious employment has given rise in recent years to experimentation with innovative practices, including not only creation of autonomous collectives, organization of collective actions and formulation of worker demands but also the more traditional repertoire of action of the trade union movement: outreach, organization and negotiation.
Admittedly, these strategies are confronted with novel obstacles, such as difficulty in identifying the person in charge of the employment relationship, absence of a place for social dialogue, confusion over worker status and difficulty in organizing the scattered groups of workers without places where they can meet and discuss. Despite their limitations, these social experiments can be seen as the beginnings of a social model adapted to the platform economy and, more broadly, to digitalization of the economy.
Keywords:
- platform economy,
- digitalization,
- social model,
- online work platforms,
- unions
Appendices
Références
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