Abstracts
Résumé
Des travaux récents en analyse institutionnelle ontsouligné le rôle charnière des acteurs dans lechangement institutionnel, notamment le pouvoir de l’acteursyndical à renouveler les institutions du travail. Cesrecherches ont fait ressortir les trois aspects suivants : 1-l’agentivité, en réponse à la question de lareprésentation des syndiqués, notamment la constructiond’une identité des travailleurs au-delà du milieude travail; 2- la formation d’une large coalition au-delàdes acteurs tripartites des relations de travail; et, enfin, 3-l’élargissement des répertoires d’actionau-delà des frontières des entreprises et des contextesnationaux. Toutefois, contrairement à cette perspective surl’agentivité qui dépendait autrefois desmécanismes de la démocratie industrielle, cet articlemontre que des contraintes structurelles peuvent restreindre, voireempêcher, la capacité stratégique des acteurslocaux à renouveler la règle en cet èrenéolibéral de mondialisation de l’économie.
À partir de deux études de cas menées dans deuxusines de première transformation au Québec —l’une appartenant à une entreprise multinationalecanadienne, l’autre étant américaine —, cetarticle analyse comment les acteurs locaux, dans un contextenéolibéral de changement institutionnel, négocientla flexibilisation de l’emploi et la sécurité destravailleurs. Les résultats des négociations entreprisespar les acteurs locaux, dans un cas, une négociationmenée « le dos au mur », et, dansl’autre, « le fusil sur la tempe »,montrent que l’issue du processus est tributaire de facteursexternes hors de la portée des acteurs locaux.
L’agentivité a buté contre les impératifséconomiques du marché, les politiques étatiques dedérégulation de l’emploi et l’intransigeancedes maisons-mères concernant l’avantage compétitifdes filiales. Dans l’usine américaine, ils ontdéplacé l’ancienne règle des accordscollectifs pour y substituer une nouvelle entente davantage axéesur les exigences du marché libéral. Dans l’usinecanadienne, ils ont stratifié les accords collectifs, ajoutantune nouvelle entente (de facture inférieure àl’ancienne) basée sur le statut d’emploi et quioppose les permanents aux contractuels. Dans les deux cas, desconditions structurelles ont limité la marge de manoeuvre desacteurs locaux, avec des conséquences néfastes sur lestravailleurs périphériques de l’entreprise flexible.
Mots-clés:
- agentivité (agency),
- flexibilité,
- institution,
- négociation collective,
- syndicat,
- Québec
Abstract
Recent work in institutional analysis has highlighted the actors’pivotal role in institutional change, notably the power of the tradeunion actor to renew labour institutions. This research has emphasizedthe importance of agency in responding to the question of workerrepresentation through the construction of worker identity beyond theworkplace, the creation of a broad coalition beyond the tripartiteindustrial relations actors, and the expansion of the repertoires ofaction beyond the enterprise and national context boundaries. Contraryto this perspective on agency, which formally depended on themechanisms of industrial democracy, this paper argues that structuralconstraints can handicap or even prevent the strategic capacity oflocal actors from renewing the collective agreement rule in theneo-liberal context of economic globalization.
Drawing on two case studies from two plants in the primarytransformation industry in Quebec, one belonging to a Canadianmultinational company and the other to an American, this paper analyzeshow local actors, in the context of institutional change, negotiateemployment flexibility and worker security. The results of thesenegotiations undertaken by the local actors: in one case, negotiationswith ‘backs to the wall’ and, in the other, ‘a gun tothe head’, show that the outcome depends on external factors farbeyond the local actors’ reach.
Agency came up against the economic imperatives of the market,employment deregulation state policy, and the parent companies’demands related to the competitive advantage of the subsidiaries. Inthe American plant, the actors have removed the old collectiveagreement rule and substituted it with a new one more in line withmarket demands. In the Canadian plant, they have stratified thecollective agreements by adding a new agreement based on the employmentstatus and putting permanent and contractual workers into opposition.In both cases, structural conditions have limited the localactors’ margin of manoeuvre with negative consequences for theperipheral workers of the flexible firm.
Keywords:
- agency,
- flexibility,
- institution,
- collective bargaining,
- union,
- Quebec
Resumen
Los trabajos recientes en el campo del análisis institucionalhan destacado el rol articulador de los actores en el cambioinstitucional y especialmente el poder del actor sindical en larenovación de las instituciones del trabajo. Estasinvestigaciones han puesto en evidencia tres aspectos: 1- laagentividad, en respuesta a la cuestión de larepresentación de los trabajadores sindicalizados, en particularla construcción de una identidad de trabajadores másallá del medio laboral; 2- la formación de una vastacoalición más allá de los actores tripartitos delas relaciones laborales; y 3- la expansión de los repertoriosde acción más allá de las fronteras de lasempresas y de los contextos nacionales. Sin embargo, contrariamente aesta perspectiva basada en la agentividad que dependía otrora delos mecanismos de la democracia industrial, este artículomuestra que las presiones estructurales pueden restringir, inclusoimpedir, la capacidad estratégica de los actores locales derenovar la regla en esta era neoliberal de mundialización de laeconomía.
A partir de dos estudios de caso llevados a cabo en dos fábricasde transformación primaria en la provincia de Quebec — unaque pertenece a una empresa multinacional canadiense y la otra depropiedad americana —, este artículo analiza cómolos actores locales negocian la flexibilización del empleo y laseguridad de los trabajadores, en un contexto neoliberal de cambioinstitucional. Los resultados de las negociaciones emprendidas por losactores locales, en un caso, una negociación « acorraladacontra el muro », et, en el otro, « el arma apuntando a lacabeza », muestran que el resultado del proceso es tributario defactores externos fuera del alcance de los actores locales.
La agentividad se ha confrontado con los imperativos económicosdel mercado, las políticas estatales de regulación delempleo y la intransigencia de las sedes sociales respecto a la ventajacompetitiva de las filiales. En la fábrica americana, sedesplazó la antigua regla de los acuerdos colectivos pararemplazarla por un nuevo acuerdo más centrado en las exigenciasdel mercado liberal. En la fábrica canadiense, se estratificaronlos acuerdos colectivos, agregando un nuevo acuerdo (de contenidoinferior al antiguo) basado en el estatuto del empleo y mediante elcual se opone los permanentes a los contractuales. En estos dos casos,las condiciones estructurales han limitado el margen de maniobra de losactores locales acarreando consecuencias nefastas para los trabajadores periféricos de la empresa flexible.
Palabras claves:
- agentividad,
- flexibilidad,
- instituciones,
- negociación colectiva,
- sindicatos,
- Quebec
Appendices
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