Abstracts
Abstract
This study focuses on a unique type of small business—boutiquehotels in Istanbul, Turkey—, and aims to understand whetheremployers’ use of internal flexibility strategies is associatedwith boutique hotel employees’ intention to stay in theirorganization. Internal flexibility strategies refer to shiftwork, longworkweeks, unpaid overtime, and working preferred hours.
Our study focuses on the experience of employees in boutique hotels in Turkey, which is one of the largest economies globally with its hospitality sector being the eighth largest in the world (Zeytinoglu et al., 2012a and 2012b). We test the conceptual model of internal flexibility strategies and intention to stay using data from 20 interviews and 122 surveys with employees in 32 boutique hotels.
As our qualitative and quantitative study shows, shiftwork decreasesboutique hotel employees’ intention to stay, but long workweeksand working unpaid overtime do not affect the intention to stay.Furthermore, as our qualitative study shows, the close family-like workenvironments that exist in boutique hotels contribute to theemployees’ intention to stay. As our respondents said in thequalitative part of the study: “‘We’re like afamily!’ and cannot leave our ‘home’!”, despitenot liking the shiftwork.
By examining the relationships between flexibility and intention tostay in small workplaces such as boutique hotels, our study contributesto both the academic literature on internal labour flexibility and tothe model of intention to stay. For practitioners, this study providesevidence on the use of the type of internal labour flexibilitystrategies used in boutique hotels, contributing to the understandingof how boutique hotels can be successful in retaining valuable staff.
Keywords:
- internal labour flexibility,
- intention to stay,
- boutique hotel
Résumé
Cette étude, qui se concentre sur un type unique de petitesentreprises, les hôtels-boutiques à Istanbul, en Turquie,vise à cerner si l’utilisation de stratégies deflexibilité interne par les employeurs est associéeà l’intention des employés de tels hôtels dedemeurer dans leur organisation. Les stratégies deflexibilité interne réfèrent àl’utilisation de quarts de travail, à la semaine detravail allongée, au temps supplémentaire nonrémunéré et aux heures de travailpréférées par les employés.
Notre étude est centrée sur l’expérience des employés dans des hôtels-boutiques en Turquie, l’une des grandes économies globales dont le secteur de l’hôtellerie est le huitième au monde (Zeytinoglu et al., 2012a et 2012b). Nous y testons le modèle conceptuel des stratégies de flexibilité interne ainsi que l’intention de rester en utilisant les données de 20 entretiens et 122 questionnaires recueillis auprès des employés de 32 hôtels-boutiques.
Comme le montre notre étude à la fois qualitative etquantitative, le recours aux quarts de travail réduitl’intention des employés des hôtels-boutiques derester, tandis que le recours à la semaine de travailallongée et aux heures supplémentaires nonrémunérées n’ont aucune incidence surl’intention de rester. De plus, notre volet qualitatif montre queles environnements de travail de type familial ou avec recours auxproches contribuent à l’intention de rester. Comme nosrépondants l’ont exprimé dans la partie qualitativede cette étude : « ‘Nous sommes comme unefamille!’ et ne pouvons pas quitter notre‘maison’! », même s’ilsn’approuvent pas le recours aux quarts de travail.
En examinant les relations entre la flexibilité etl’intention de rester dans de petits milieux de travail tels queles hôtels-boutiques, notre étude contribue tant àla littérature académique sur la flexibilitéinterne du travail qu’au modèle d’intention derester dans un emploi. Pour les praticiens, cette étude fournitdes données empiriques sur l’utilisation du type destratégies internes de flexibilité du travailutilisées dans les hôtels-boutiques, contribuant ainsià la compréhension de la façon dont leshôtels-boutiques peuvent réussir à retenir leurpersonnel de valeur.
Mots-clés:
- flexibilité interne du travail,
- intention de rester,
- hôtel-boutique
Resumen
Este estudio enfoca un tipo único de pequeño negocio— los hoteles boutique en Estambul, Turquía —, ybusca comprender si el uso de estrategias de flexibilidad por losempleadores está asociado con las intenciones de los empleadosde hoteles boutique de permanecer trabajando en esas organizaciones.Las estrategias de flexibilidad interna se refieren al trabajo porturnos, largas semanas de trabajo, horas extraordinarias no remuneradasy horarios de trabajo preferentes.
Nuestro estudio se centra en la experiencia de los empleados de hoteles boutique en Turquía, que es una de las economías más grandes del mundo, cuyo sector hotelero es el octavo más grande del mundo (Zeytinoglu et al., 2012a y 2012b). Nos inspiramos del modelo conceptual de estrategias de flexibilidad interna y la intención de permanecer utilizando datos de 20 entrevistas y 122 encuestas con empleados en 32 hoteles boutique.
Nuestro estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo pone en evidencia que eltrabajo por turnos reduce la intención de los empleados dehoteles boutique de quedarse, pero las largas semanas de trabajo y lashoras extraordinarias no remuneradas no afectan la intención dequedarse. Además, nuestro estudio cualitativo muestra que losentornos de trabajo casi familiares que existen en los hoteles boutiquecontribuyen a la intención de los empleados de quedarse. Comodijeron nuestros entrevistados en la parte cualitativa del estudio:«¡Somos como una familia! ¡Y no podemosabandonar nuestro ‘hogar’!», a pesar de que no lesguste el trabajo por turnos.
Al examinar las relaciones entre la flexibilidad y la intenciónde permanecer en pequeños lugares de trabajo, como los hotelesboutique, nuestro estudio contribuye tanto a la literaturaacadémica sobre la flexibilidad laboral interna como al modelode intención de permanecer.
Para los profesionales, este estudio proporciona evidencias sobre eluso del tipo de estrategias internas de flexibilidad laboral utilizadasen los hoteles boutique, lo que contribuye a la comprensión decómo los hoteles boutique pueden tener éxito en laretención de personal valioso.
Palabras clave:
- flexibilidad laboral interna,
- intención de permanecer,
- hotel boutique
Appendices
References
- Allen, David G., Phillip C. Bryant and James M. Vardaman (2010) “Retaining Talent: Replacing Misconceptions with Evidence-Based Strategies.” Academy of Management Perspectives, 24 (2), 48-64.10.1177/1094670507299378 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Alexandrov, Aliosha, Emin Babakus and Ugur Yavas (2007) “The Effects of Perceived Management Concern for Frontline Employees and Customers on Turnover Intentions: Moderating Role of Employment Status.” Journal of Service Research, 9 (4), 356-371.10.1177/1094670507299378 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Arrowsmith, James (2007) “Why is there not more ‘Annualised Hours’ Working in Britain?” Industrial Relations Journal, 38 (5), 423-438.10.1111/j.1468-2338.2007.00456.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Baltes, Boris B., Thomas E. Brigg, Joseph W. Huff, Julie A. Wright and George A. Neuman (1999) “Flexible and Compressed Workweeks Schedules: A Meta-Analysis of their Effects on Work-Related Criteria.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (4), 496-513.10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.496 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Carbery Ronan, Thomas N. Garavan, Fergal O’Brien and Joe McDonnell (2003) “Predicting Hotel Managers’ Turnover Cognitions.” Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18 (7), 649-679. 10.1108/02683940310502377 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Campbell, Iain (2002) “Puzzles of Unpaid Overtime.” In Isik U. Zeytinoglu (ed.), Flexible Work Arrangements: Conceptualizations and International Experiences. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 25-43.10.1108/09596111011042686 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cho, Seonghee, Misty M. Johanson and Priyanko Guchait (2009) “Employees Intent to Leave: A Comparison of Determinants of Intent to Leave versus Intent to Stay.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28 (3), 374-381.10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.10.007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Creswell, John W. (2014) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.10.2190/VYN8-6NKY-RKUM-L0XW Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Davidson, Michael C. G., Nils Timo and Ying Wang (2010) “How Much Does Labour Turnover Cost? A Case Study of Australian Four-and Five-Star Hotels.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22 (4), 451-466.10.1108/09596111011042686 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dawson, Mary, JeAnna Abbott and Stowe Shoemaker (2011) “The Hospitality Culture Scale: A Measure Organizational Culture and Personal Attributes.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (2), 290-300.10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.10.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Denton, Margaret, Isik U. Zeytinoglu, Sharon Davies and Jason Lian (2002) “Job Stress and Job Dissatisfaction of Home Care Workers in the Context of Health Care Restructuring.” International Journal of HealthServices, 32 (2), 327-357.10.2190/VYN8-6NKY-RKUM-L0XW Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Erkutlu, Hakan V. and Jamel Chafra (2006) “Relationship between Leadership Power Bases and Job Stress of Subordinates: Example from Boutique Hotels.” Management Research News, 29 (5), 285-297. 10.1108/01409170610674419 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eurofound (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions) (2014) “Turkey Industrial Relations Profile.” Retrieved from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2015/industrial-relations/turkey-industrial-relations-profile (May 10th, 2015).10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.341 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eurofound (2012) “Fifth European Working Conditions Survey. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.” Retrieved from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/surveys/european-working-conditions-surveys/fifth-european-working-conditions-survey-2010# (June 15th, 2015).10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.009 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eurofound (2009) “European Company Survey-flexibility Practices and Social Dialogue. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.” Retrieved from: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/271626/1/R1325_ECS2009_ Overview_Report.pdf (May 10th, 2015).10.1016/0030-5073(71)90007-9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Freyssinet, Jacques and François Michon (2003) “Overtime in Europe.” Retrieved from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/comparative-information/overtime-in-europe (June 5th, 2015). 10.1002/job.472 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gelfand, Michele J., Miriam Erez and Zeynep Aycan (2007) “Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior.” Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 480-514.10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gordon, Catherine E. (2014) “Flexible Workplace Practices: Employees’ Experiences in Small IT Firms.” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 69 (4), 766-784.10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Grenier, Jean-Noël, Anthony Giles and Jacques Belanger (1997) “Internal versus External Flexibility: A Two Plant Comparison Canadian Manufacturing Factory.” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 52 (4), 683-711.10.1177/0730888410383245 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gundogan, Naci (2009) “Can Denmark’s Flexicurity System Be Replicated in Developing Countries? The Case of Turkey.” Retrieved from: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17470/ (June 15th 2014).10.1108/01437721011056994 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Holtom, Brooks C., Terence R. Mitchell, Thomas W. Lee and Marion B. Eberly (2008) “Turnover and Retention Research: A Glance at the Past, a Closer Review of the Present, and a Venture into the Future.” The Academy of Management Annals, 2 (1), 231-274.10.5465/19416520802211552 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Iverson, Roderick D. and Margaret Deery (1997) “Turnover Culture in the Hospitality Industry.” Human Resource Management Journal, 7 (4), 71-82.10.1111/j.1748-8583.1997.tb00290.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jung, Heung-Jun, Sung-Chul Noh and Sun-Wook Chung (2016) “Maximizing the Benefits of Internalization: The Moderating Role of Labour Flexibility.” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 71 (2), 350-372.10.1108/02683941211235418 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kalleberg, Arne (2000) “Non-Standard Employment Relations: Part-Time, Temporary and Contract Work.” Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 341-365.10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.341 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Karatepe, Osman M., Orhan Uludag, Ismet Menevis, Lejla Hadzimehmedagic and Lulu Baddar (2006) “The Effects of Selected Individual Characteristics on Frontline Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction.” Tourism Management, 27 (4), 547-560.10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.009 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Khosravi, Sharareh, Anahita Malek and Erdogan H. Ekiz (2014) “Why Tourists Are Attracted to Boutique Hotels: The Case of Penang Island, Malaysia.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12 (1), 26-41.
10.7202/016086ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lee, Sangheon, Deidre McCann and Jon C. Messenger (2007) Working Time around the World: Trends in Working Hours, Laws and Policies in a Global Comparative Perspective. Geneva: International Labour Office, Routledge. 10.5465/AMP.2010.51827775 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lyons, Thomas F. (1971) “Role Clarity, Need for Clarity, Satisfaction, Tension and Withdrawal.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6 (1), 99-110.10.1016/0030-5073(71)90007-9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Maertz, Carl P., Rodger W. Griffeth, Nathanael S. Campbell and David G. Allen (2007) “The Effects of Perceived Organizational Support and Perceived Supervisor Support on Employee Turnover.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28 (8), 1059-1075.10.1002/job.472 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Marshall, Catherine and Gretchen B. Rossman (2016) Designing Qualitative Research. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Matlay, Harry (1999) “Employee Relations in Small Firms: A Micro Business Perspective.” Employee Relations, 21 (3), 285-295.10.1108/01425459910273125 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mitchell, Terence R., Brooks C. Holtom, Thomas W. Lee, Chris J. Sablynski and Miriam Erez (2001) “Why People Stay: Using Job Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover.” Academy of Management Journal, 44 (6), 1102-1121.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OECD (2014) OECD Employment Outlook 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/turkey/Employment-Outlook-Turkey-EN.pdf (September 20th, 2016).Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pine, Joseph II B. and James H. Gilmore (2011) The Experience Economy. Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press.
10.7202/1028111ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Podsakoff, Phillip M., Scott B. MacKenzie, Jeong-Yeon Lee and Nathan P. Podsakoff (2003) “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (5), 879-903.10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reynolds, Jeremy and Lydia Aletraris L. (2010) “Mostly Mismatched with a Chance of Settling: Tracking Work Hour Mismatches in the United States.” Work and Occupations, 37 (4), 476-511.10.1177/0730888410383245 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smith. Mark and Stefan Zagelmeyer (2010) “Working Time Management and SME Performance in Europe.” International Journal of Manpower, 31 (4), 392-409.10.1108/01437721011056994 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sousa-Poza, Alfonso and Fred Henneberger (2002) “An Empirical Analysis of Working-Hours Constraints in Twenty-One Countries.” Review of Social Economy, 60 (2), 209-241.10.1080/00346760210146235 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Spector, Paul E. (1997) Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause and Consequences. London: Sage.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stavrou, Eleni and Christos Kilaniotis (2010) “Flexible Work and Turnover: An Empirical Investigation across Cultures.” British Journal of Management, 21 (2), 541-554.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Steel, Robert P. and John W. Lounsbury (2009) “Turnover Process Model: Review and Synthesis of a Conceptual Literature.” Human Resource Management Review, 19 (4), 271-282.10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.04.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Toksoz, Gulay (2008) “Decent Work Country Report-Turkey.” Retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/europe/rogeneva/documents/meeting document/wcms_359818.pdf (May 10th, 2015).Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Trevor, Charlie O. (2001) “Interactions among Actual Ease-of-Movement Determinants and Job Satisfaction in the Prediction of Voluntary Turnover.” Academy of Management Journal, 44 (4), 621-638.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tuzun, Ipek Kalemci and R. Arzu Kalemci (2012) “Organizational and Supervisory Support in Relation to Employee Turnover Intentions.” Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27 (5), 518-534.10.1108/02683941211235418 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yavas, Ugur, Osman M. Karatepe, Emin Babakus and Turgay Avcı (2004) “Customer Complaints and Organizational Responses: A Study of Hotel Guests in Northern Cyprus.” Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 11 (2-3), 31-46.10.1300/J150v11n02_04 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zeytinoglu, Isik U., Askin Keser, Gozde Yılmaz, Kivanc Inelmen, Arzu Ozsoy and Duygu Uygur (2012a) “Security in a Sea of Insecurity: Job Security and Intention to Stay among Service Sector Employees in Turkey.” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23 (13), 2809-2823.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zeytinoglu, Isik U., Gozde Yilmaz, Askin Keser, Kivanc Inelmen, Duygu Uygur and Arzu Ozsoy (2012b) “Job Satisfaction, Flexible Employment and Job Security among Turkish Service Sector Workers.” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34 (1), 120-141.10.5465/3069407 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zeytinoglu, Isik U., Gordon B. Cooke and Sara L. Mann (2009) “Flexibility: Whose Choice Is It Anyway?” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 64 (4), 555-574.
10.7202/038873ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zeytinoglu, Isik U., Margaret Denton, Sharon Davies, Andrea Baumann, Jennifer Blythe and Linda Boos (2007) “Associations between Work Intensification, Stress and Job Satisfaction: The Case of Nurses in Ontario.” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 62 (2), 201-225.
10.7202/016086ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
