Abstracts
Résumé
L’adoption de mesures d’austérité pour surmonter la crise des dettes souveraines de ces dernières années a accentué la fragilité des syndicats en tant qu’institutions, en mettant aussi à l’épreuve leur capacité de résistance en tant que mouvements. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les syndicats ont cherché à réagir, en s’insurgeant contre les politiques d’austérité. Toutefois, le syndicalisme demeure «orgueilleusement seul», touché par des divisions internes et influencé par des tendances partisanes, semblant dès lors peu enclin à former des alliances avec d’autres groupes et mouvements. Ces derniers, pourtant, partagent souvent des préoccupations semblables à celles des syndicats (la lutte contre la précarité au travail en constituant le meilleur exemple).
Dans la première partie de l’article, nous synthétisons quelques-unes des mesures d’austérité, décrivons brièvement les deux principales confédérations syndicales portugaises ainsi que certains acteurs socioprofessionnels, et analysons leurs discours face à la crise. Dans la seconde partie, nous abordons les caractéristiques et les moments principaux des réactions syndicales et de la protestation sociale plus ample face à l’austérité. Finalement, nous identifions certains défis externes et internes auxquels le syndicalisme est confronté au Portugal. D’une part, les syndicats doivent résister aux pressions externes dictées par les politiques d’austérité; d’autre part, ils doivent adopter une action proactive «à partir de l’intérieur», en s’ouvrant à de nouveaux publics (travailleurs précaires non syndiqués, fortement touchés par la crise et l’austérité) et, par conséquent, à de nouvelles formes de protestation sociale. La création d’un syndicat dans le secteur de la musique, du spectacle et de l’audiovisuel et la lutte dans un centre d’appels dans le secteur de la santé sont, à cet égard, deux défis à l’autonomie et à la rénovation des pratiques syndicales, et elles constituent, peut-être, la voie d’un «syndicalisme de travailleurs précaires», inexistant jusqu’à présent.
Mots-clés:
- précarité,
- faux reçus verts,
- discours syndicaux,
- associations socioprofessionnelles,
- grèves,
- manifestations,
- mouvements sociaux
Abstract
In recent years, the adoption of austerity measures to overcome the sovereign debt crisis has highlighted the weakness of trade unions as institutions, but has also represented a test of the latter’s capacity to offer up resistance as a movement. It is a fact that trade unions have sought to react against austerity policies. However, trade unionism continues to soldier on “proudly” yet alone, internally divided and influenced by partisan tendencies, and little disposed to form alliances with other groups/movements that are also targeting the precariousness of the world of work.
The first part of the article summarizes some of the austerity measures that have been adopted and presents the main Portuguese trade union confederations and socio-occupational actors as well as their discourses regarding the crisis. The second part identifies the key moments of trade union reaction and social protest against the austerity measures (highlighting both strikes and large social demonstrations). The third and last part points out some external and internal challenges currently facing trade unionism in Portugal. On the one hand, trade unions have to resist the external pressures caused by austerity policies; on the other hand, they need to adopt purposeful action “from within,” opening up to new audiences (precarious and non-unionized workers, also strongly affected by the crisis and austerity measures) and therefore to new forms of articulation of social protest. The creation of a trade union in the music, show business and audiovisual sector and the struggle in a call center in the health sector are, in this regard, two challenges to the autonomy and renewal of trade union practices, perhaps pointing the way to a “trade unionism of precarious workers,” heretofore non-existent.
Keywords:
- Precariousness,
- false green receipts,
- trade union and socio-occupational actors’ discourses,
- strikes,
- demonstrations
Resumen
La adopción de medidas de austeridad para superar la crisis de la deuda soberana en los últimos años ha puesto en evidencia la debilidad de los sindicatos como instituciones, y se presenta al mismo tiempo como un desafío a su capacidad de resistencia como movimiento.
Es un hecho que los sindicatos han tratado de reaccionar contra las políticas de austeridad. Sin embargo, el sindicalismo continúa «orgullosamente sólo», dividido internamente e influenciado por tendencias partidistas y poco disponible a formar alianzas con otros grupos/movimientos también interesados en la lucha contra la precariedad del mundo del trabajo.
En la primera parte del artículo, se sintetizan algunas de las medidas de austeridad y se caracterizan brevemente las dos principales confederaciones sindicales de Portugal y algunos actores socio-profesionales, así como sus discursos relacionados con la crisis. La segunda parte identifica los momentos clave de la reacción sindical y la protesta social contra la austeridad (destacando las huelgas, por una parte, y las grandes protestas sociales, de otra parte). Por último, en la tercera parte se identifican algunos retos externos e internos que enfrenta el movimiento sindical en Portugal. Por un lado, los sindicatos tienen que resistir a las presiones externas resultantes de las políticas de austeridad; por el otro, los sindicatos deben adoptar una acción de tipo propositivo «desde dentro», abriéndose a nuevos públicos (trabajadores precarios y no sindicalizados, también fuertemente afectados por la crisis y la austeridad) y, por lo tanto, a las nuevas formas de articulación de la protesta social. La creación del sindicato en la industria de la música, espectáculo y audiovisual, o la lucha en un centro de llamadas en el sector de la salud son, en este sentido, dos retos para la autonomía y la renovación de las prácticas sindicales, que indican quizás el camino hacia un «sindicalismo de trabajadores precarios», inexistente entonces.
Palabras claves:
- precariedad,
- recibos verdes falsos,
- discursos sindicales y socio-profesionales,
- huelgas,
- protestas
Appendices
Bibliographie
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