Abstracts
Résumé
Cette étude examine l’effet modérateur du contexte relationnel des emplois dans la relation entre les caractéristiques du travail et l’engagement affectif envers l’organisation, la profession et la clientèle. Le contexte relationnel est appréhendé par le soutien organisationnel perçu (SOP) et la qualité des relations leader-membre (de l’anglais, leader-member exchange, LMX). Nous émettons l’hypothèse que le soutien organisationnel est perçu comme permettant de combler les besoins socio-émotionnels des employés et révélant une compréhension indulgente de l’organisation envers ses employés. À l’inverse, la qualité des relations leader-membre reflète une approche d’échange social dans laquelle le soutien du supérieur est associé à une finalité d’amélioration du rendement de l’employé. Ces considérations amènent à prédire que le SOP devrait agir comme un modérateur négatif des effets des caractéristiques du travail (envergure du poste) sur l’engagement affectif envers les trois cibles examinées. Au contraire, nous prévoyons que la qualité des relations leader-membre (LMX) agira comme un modérateur positif des effets de l’envergure du poste sur l’engagement affectif.
Ces hypothèses ont été vérifiées lors d’une étude menée en deux temps. D’abord, au temps 1 ont été mesurées l’envergure du poste (variété de la tâche, signification, autonomie, identité et rétroaction; Hackman et Oldham, 1980), le soutien organisationnel perçu (SOP) et la qualité des relations leader-membre (LMX). Par la suite, soit six mois plus tard, l’engagement affectif envers l’organisation, la profession et la clientèle a été évalué. Sur la base d’un échantillon aléatoire de 208 employés gradués en gestion, droit, génie et sciences pures d’une université belge et occupant des emplois dans des organisations variées, les analyses de régression multiple modérée montrent que la relation (positive) entre l’envergure du poste et les trois dimensions de l’engagement affectif s’avère plus faible lorsque le soutien organisationnel perçu est élevé. En revanche, la relation (positive) entre l’envergure du poste et l’engagement affectif envers la profession ainsi qu’envers la clientèle se révèle plus forte lorsque la qualité des relations leader-membre (LMX) est élevée. Nous discuterons de la portée de ces résultats.
Mots-clés :
- envergure du poste,
- soutien organisationnel perçu (SOP),
- relations leader-membre (LMX),
- engagement affectif envers l’organisation,
- la profession et la clientèle
Summary
This study examines the moderating effect of the relational context of jobs on the relationship between job characteristics and affective commitment towards the organization, the occupation and customers. The relational context is captured through perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange. We hypothesized that perceived organizational support would fill employees’ socio-emotional needs and represent a sympathetic concern and indulgence from the organization toward employees. In contrast, leader-member exchange reflects a social exchange perspective in which the supervisor’s support is associated with the aim of improving employee performance. These considerations lead to expecting perceived organizational support to act as a negative moderator of the relationships of job characteristics (job scope) to affective commitment to the three targets of interest. On the contrary, we predict that leader-member exchange will act a positive moderator of the effects of job scope on affective commitments.
These hypotheses were tested in a study involving two measurement times. Job scope (i.e., a summary measure of task variety, significance, autonomy, identity, and feedback; Hackman and Oldham, 1980), perceived organizational support, and leader-member exchange, were measured at Time 1, while affective commitment to the organization, the occupation, and customers was assessed six months later. Based on a random sample of 208 employees who graduated in business, law, engineering, and basic science in a Belgian University and were employed in a variety of organizations, moderated multiple regression analyses found the (positive) relationship of job scope to commitment to the three targets of interest to be weaker at high levels of perceived organizational support. In contrast, the (positive) relationship of job scope to affective commitment to the occupation and customers was stronger at high levels of leader-member exchange. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Keywords:
- job scope,
- perceived organizational support,
- leader-member exchange,
- affective commitment to the organization,
- the occupation and customers
Resumen
Este estudio examina la influencia del contexto relacional de los empleos en las características del trabajo y su impacto en el compromiso afectivo con respecto a tres objetos principales: la organización, la profesión y la clientela. El contexto relacional es abordado por el apoyo organizacional percibido (AOP) y la calidad de relaciones líder-miembro (del inglés leader-member exchange, LMX). Se emite la hipótesis que el AOP permite cubrir las necesidades socio-emocionales de los empleados y refleja que la organización hace prueba de comprensión indulgente hacia sus empleados. Al contrario, la relación líder-miembro reflejará una perspectiva de intercambio social por la cual el apoyo del superior estará asociado a una finalidad de mejora del rendimiento del empleado. Estas consideraciones llevan a la predicción que el AOP debería actuar como un moderador negativo de la relación entre las características del trabajo (envergadura del puesto) y el compromiso afectivo con los tres aspectos examinadas. Al contrario, prevemos que la calidad de las relaciones líder-miembro (LMX) actuara como moderador positivo de los efectos de la envergadura del puesto sobre los compromisos afectivos.
Estas hipótesis han sido verificadas mediante un estudio llevado a cabo en dos momentos. En un primer momento se midieron la envergadura del puesto (variedad de la tarea, significación, autonomía, identidad y retroacción; Hackman y Oldham, 1980), el apoyo organizacional percibido (AOP) y la calidad de las relaciones líder-miembro (LMX). En seguida, seis meses después, fueron evaluados el compromiso afectivo con la organización, la profesión y la clientela. Sobre la base de una muestra aleatoria de personas con diploma de maestría, que han frecuentado los departamentos de gestión, derecho, ingeniería y ciencias puras de una universidad belga, y que habían obtenido empleos en diferentes organizaciones (N=208), los análisis de regresión múltiple moderada muestran que la relación (positiva) entre la envergadura del puesto y las tres dimensiones del compromiso afectivo alcanzan un nivel más bajo cuando el apoyo organizacional percibido es elevado. Al contrario, la relación (positiva) entre la envergadura del puesto y el compromiso afectivo hacia la profesión y el compromiso con la clientela alcanzan niveles más elevados cuando la calidad de las relaciones líder-miembro (LMX) es elevada. Los alcances de estos resultados son discutidos.
Palabras clave:
- envergadura del puesto,
- apoyo organizacional percibido (AOP),
- relaciones líder-miembro (LMX),
- compromiso afectivo con la organización,
- la profesión y la clientela
Appendices
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