Abstracts
Summary
That unions suppress employment growth among their employers has been such a ubiquitous finding that it has been dubbed “the one constant” in industrial relations research (Addison and Belfield, 2004). However, all of the empirical findings on which this conclusion is based come from data collected in 1998 or earlier, and the Canadian findings (Long, 1993) date from more than twenty-five years ago. Noting this, Walsworth (2010a) utilized data from the Statistics Canada Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) covering the period 1999-2005 to investigate the more recent magnitude of the employment growth suppression effect in Canada. He found that, compared to Long’s (1993) findings, the union employment suppression effect has apparently diminished in Canada. However, we note that Walsworth’s (2010a) analysis is not comparable to that conducted by Long (1993) in several ways. For example, Walsworth (2010a) did not segment his analysis by establishment size, or by industrial sector.
Moreover, Walsworth (2010a) attempted no analysis of the reasons behind a possible diminution in the union employment growth suppression effect, an omission that we address by examining employee earnings growth and the union wage premium as possible contributing factors. We analyze WES data collected during 2001-2006 and, like Long (1993), find important differences when segmenting our analysis according to establishment size, as the union employment suppression effect was evidenced in large manufacturing establishments, but not in smaller manufacturing establishments. However, unlike Long (1993), we also find important differences between the manufacturing sector and the service sector, where we find no union employment suppression effect among larger service establishments, and a significant positive union effect on employment growth among smaller service establishments—the first finding of a positive union employment growth effect in any context. Our analysis suggests that a declining union wage premium may have played a role in these results.
Keywords:
- unions,
- employment,
- employee earnings,
- union wage premium
Résumé
Que les syndicats aient contribué à supprimer la croissance de l’emploi dans les entreprises où ils étaient présents s’est révélée une observation tellement omniprésente qu’on a surnommé ce phénomène « la constante » dans la recherche en relations industrielles (Addison et Belfield, 2004). Toutefois, tous les résultats empiriques sur lesquels cette conclusion repose découlent de données colligées en 1998 ou avant, tandis que les résultats pour le Canada (Long, 1993) remontent à plus de vingt-cinq ans. Tenant compte de cela, Walsworth (2010a) a utilisé les données de l’enquête de Statistique Canada sur le milieu de travail et les employés (EMTE) couvrant la période 1999-2005 pour étudier la plus récente ampleur de l’effet de suppression d’emplois au Canada. L’auteur a observé, comparativement aux résultats obtenus par Long (1993), que l’effet de la baisse de l’emploi syndiqué avait apparemment ralenti. Nous notons toutefois que l’analyse de Walsworth (2010a) n’est pas comparable à celle menée par Long (1993) à plusieurs égards. Par exemple, Walsworth (2010a) ne ventile pas son analyse selon la taille des établissements, ni selon le secteur industriel. De plus, il n’a pas cherché à expliquer les raisons du ralentissement possible de l’effet de baisse de l’emploi syndiqué, une lacune que nous cherchons à combler en examinant deux facteurs potentiellement associés à un tel ralentissement, soit la croissance des gains d’emploi et l’avantage salarial des travailleurs syndiqués.
Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé les données de l’EMTE couvrant la période 2001-2006 et, comme Long (1993), nous avons observé d’importantes différences lorsque nous avons ventilé nos données pour fins d’analyse selon la taille des établissements, l’effet de la baisse de l’emploi syndiqué apparaissant dans les grands établissements manufacturiers mais pas dans les plus petits. Toutefois, contrairement à Long (2003), nous avons observé d’importantes différences entre le secteur manufacturier et celui des services avec l’absence d’un effet de baisse d’emploi syndiqué parmi les grands établissements de service, et un effet syndical significativement positif sur la croissance de l’emploi dans les établissements de service de plus petite taille – la première observation d’un effet positif de croissance de l’emploi syndiqué dans quelque contexte que ce soit. Notre analyse suggère qu’un déclin de l’avantage salarial des syndiqués peut avoir joué un rôle dans ces résultats.
Mots-clés:
- syndicats,
- emploi,
- gains de travail,
- avantage salarial des syndiqués
Resumen
Que los sindicatos hayan contribuido a suprimir el crecimiento del empleo en las empresas donde ellos estaban presentes, se ha revelado un observación tan omnipresente que se le ha dado el nombre de “la constante” en la investigación en relaciones industriales (Addison y Belfield, 2004). Sin embargo, todos los resultados empíricos sobre los cuales reposa esta conclusión derivan de datos recogidos en 1998 o antes, mientras que los resultados por Canadá (Long, 1993) remontan a más de veinticinco años. Teniendo esto en cuenta, Walsworth (2010a) ha utilizado los datos de la encuesta de Estadística Canadá sobre el medio de trabajo y los empleados (EMTE) que cubren el periodo 1999-2005 para estudiar los indicadores más recientes de la importancia del efecto de la supresión de empleos en Canadá. Comparativamente a los resultados obtenidos por Long (1993), el autor ha observado que el efecto de la disminución del empleo sindicalizado había aparentemente decelerado. Notamos sin embargo que el análisis de Walsworth (2010a) no es comparable al análisis realizado por Long (1993) sobre diferentes aspectos. Por ejemplo, Walswoth (2010a) no ventila su análisis según el tamaño de los establecimientos, ni según el sector industrial. Es más, él no ha buscado a explicar las razones de la posible disminución del efecto de baja del empleo sindicalizado, un vacío que nosotros buscamos a colmar examinando dos factores potencialmente asociados a tal disminución, es decir el aumento de los beneficios de empleo y la ventaja salarial de los trabajadores sindicalizados.
Para esto, hemos analizado los datos del EMTE que cubren el periodo 2001-2006 y, como Long (1993), hemos observado importantes diferencias cuando hemos ventilado los datos con el análisis según el tamaño de los establecimientos, lo que permite constatar el efecto de la baja del empleo sindicalizado en los grandes establecimientos manufactureros pero no en los mas pequeños. Sin embargo, al contrario de Long (2003), hemos observado importantes diferencias entre el sector manufacturero y el sector servicios constando así la ausencia de un efecto de baja del empleo sindicalizado en los grandes establecimientos de servicio, y un efecto sindical positivo significativo sobre el aumento del empleo en los establecimientos de servicios mas pequeños – la primera observación de un efecto positivo de crecimiento del empleo sindicalizado en cualquier contexto. Nuestro análisis sugiere que un descenso de la ventaja salarial de los sindicalizados puede jugar un rol en estos resultados.
Palabras claves:
- sindicatos,
- empleo,
- ganancias de trabajo,
- ventaja salarial de sindicalizados
Appendices
References
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