Abstracts
Abstract
This article is a response to Lansbury’s call (2009) in this journal for a re-conceptualization of work and employment. It supports Lansbury’s belief that the employment relationship cannot be understood in isolation from wider social change. Building on the tradition of emotional labour and aesthetic labour, this study introduces theoretically and empirically the concept of “ocularcentric labour” (the worker seeking the adoring gaze of the client as the primary employment reward). This paper seeks to establish: the empirical generalizability of ocularcentric labour; its conceptual differentiation with aesthetic and emotional labour; and the implications of ocularcentric labour for industrial relations and collective interest representation.
Through a study of the employment relationship in the commercial health and fitness industry in Queensland (Australia), we identify this new type of labour as one in which the worker’s primary goal is to seek the psycho-social rewards gained from exposing their own body image. This quest shapes the employment relationship (both the organization of work and the conditions of employment). We argue that for many fitness workers the goal is to gain access to the positional economy of the fitness centre to promote their celebrity. For this they are willing to trade-off standard conditions of employment and direct earnings, and exchange traditional employment rewards for the more intrinsic psycho-social rewards gained through the exposure of their physical capital to the adoration of their gazing clients. As one worker said “You don’t do this for money.” Significantly, with ocularcentric labour the worker becomes both the site of production and consumption.
The study draws on quantitative and qualitative data captured from the Australian health and fitness industry with one snapshot taken in 1993 and another in 2008. The conclusion draws together the key conceptual and empirical points and findings and examines the implications for the conceptualization of IR in the contemporary economy.
Keywords:
- ocularcentric labour,
- labour process,
- fitness worker,
- service work
Résumé
Cet article constitue une réponse à l’appel de Lansbury (2009) dans cette revue en faveur d’une conceptualisation renouvelée du travail et de l’emploi. Il appuie la position de Lansbury à l’effet que la relation d’emploi ne peut être comprise sans tenir compte de son contexte social plus large. Construisant selon la tradition du travail émotionnel et du travail esthétique, l’étude introduit théoriquement et empiriquement le concept de travail « ocularocentriste » (en anglais ocularcentric labour, c’est-à-dire dans l’exercice duquel le travailleur ou la travailleuse recherche l’appréciation admirative du client comme source première de rétribution). Ce texte cherche à établir la généralisabilité du travail centré sur le regard, sa différence conceptuelle d’avec le travail esthétique et émotionnel et ses implications pour les relations industrielles et la représentation de l’intérêt collectif.
À partir d’une étude sur la relation d’emploi menée dans l’industrie commerciale du conditionnement physique (fitness) et de la santé au Queensland (Australie), nous identifions ce nouveau type de travail comme un travail dans lequel l’intérêt premier du travailleur ou de la travailleuse est la recherche d’une rétribution de nature psychosociale obtenue par l’exposition de l’image de leur corps. Cette recherche façonne la relation d’emploi (à la fois l’organisation du travail et les conditions d’emploi). Nous postulons que pour plusieurs travailleurs en conditionnement physique, le but est d’avoir accès à la position économique dans le centre de conditionnement qui mettra en valeur leur célébrité. Pour y parvenir ils sont prêts à négocier des conditions traditionnelles d’emploi et des gains monétaires directs en échange de rétributions psychosociales de nature intrinsèques obtenue par l’exposition de leur capital physique aux regards admiratifs de leurs clients. Comme disait un travailleur : « Vous ne faites pas cela pour l’argent ». De façon significative, le travail ocularocentriste devient à la fois milieu de production et de consommation.
Cette étude s’appuie sur des données quantitatives et qualitatives de l’industrie australienne du conditionnement physique et de la santé obtenues en deux moments : 1993 et 2008. Sa conclusion réunit les points et les observations clés conceptuels et empiriques et en examine les implications pour la conceptualisation des relations industrielles dans l’économie contemporaine.
Mots-clés :
- travail ocularocentriste,
- processus de travail,
- travailleur en conditionnement physique,
- emploi de service
Resumen
Este artículo es una respuesta al llamado de Lansbury (2009) en esta revista para reconceptualizar el trabajo y el empleo. Se apoya la afirmación de Lansbury que la relación de empleo no puede ser entendida de manera aislada del más amplio cambio social. Contribuyendo a la tradición del trabajo emocional y del trabajo estético, este estudio introduce teórica y empíricamente el concepto del trabajo ocular-céntrico (el trabajador que busca la mirada de adoración del cliente como recompensa primordial de empleo). Este texto busca establecer: la capacidad de generalización empírica del trabajo ocular-céntrico; su diferenciación conceptual con el trabajo estético y emocional; y las implicaciones del trabajo ocular-céntrico para las relaciones industriales y la representación colectiva de intereses.
Mediante un estudio de la relación de empleo en la industria del comercio de la salud y la buena forma física en Queensland (Australia), identificamos este nuevo tipo de trabajo en el cual el objetivo primordial del trabajador es de buscar las recompensas psicosociales ganadas mediante la exposición de su propia imagen corporal. Esta búsqueda determina la relación de empleo (tanto la organización del trabajo como las condiciones de empleo). Argumentamos que para muchos trabajadores de la buena forma física el objetivo es de ganar acceso a la economía posicional del centro de entrenamiento físico para promover su celebridad. Para esto, ellos están dispuestos a aceptar de compromisos en las condiciones de empleo de base y en los beneficios directos, y a cambiar las recompensas de empleo tradicionales por las recompensas más intrínsecas psicosociales ganadas por la exposición de su capital físico a la mirada de adoración de sus clientes. Como dice un trabajador “Usted no hace eso por el dinero.” Con el trabajo ocular-céntrico, el trabajador se vuelve, de manera considerable, a la vez centro de producción y de consumo.
El estudio utiliza datos cuantitativos y cualitativos tomados de la industria de la salud y de la forma física de Australia, con un retrato de la situación en 1993 y otro en 2008. La conclusión reúne los puntos y resultados conceptuales y empíricos claves y examina las implicaciones para la conceptualización de las relaciones industriales en la economía contemporánea.
Palabras clave:
- trabajo ocular-céntrico,
- proceso de trabajo,
- trabajador de la buena forma física,
- trabajo de servicio
Appendices
References
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