Abstracts
Résumé
Les résultats d’une étude menée auprès de 390 employés, obtenus à l’aide de la méthode des équations structurelles, mettent en lumière une influence positive de l’habilitation du supérieur sur la performance adaptative des subordonnés. Les résultats montrent également que la perception d’un soutien de la direction favorise la réussite de l’habilitation du supérieur, en agissant comme une ressource émotionnelle valorisée par les employés dans leur stratégie d’adaptation.
Si les recherches antérieures ont généralement focalisé leur attention sur les antécédents individuels de la performance adaptative, l’étude de l’influence des pratiques managériales sur ce type de performance est en revanche délaissée. Dans cette perspective, l’objectif de cet article est d’explorer l’effet de l’habilitation du supérieur (managerial empowerment) sur la performance adaptative au travail, processus visant à accroître l’étendue du pouvoir des individus et leurs capacités à contrôler leur travail. Les cas d’échec des pratiques d’habilitation nous conduisent également à étudier les conditions sous lesquelles ces pratiques peuvent faciliter le développement de la performance adaptative.
Face à la complexification des situations de travail, la capacité des employés à apprendre de nouvelles compétences, à interagir avec divers acteurs et à s’adapter à de nouveaux contextes est devenue essentielle pour la compétitivité des entreprises. Ces comportements au travail, regroupés sous le nom de performance adaptative, sont désormais considérés comme un facteur crucial pour permettre aux organisations d’atteindre leurs objectifs dans un environnement marqué par le changement continu, la complexité et l’incertitude. Ce construit est encore peu étudié.
Mots-clés :
- soutien managérial,
- changement organisationnel,
- stratégie d’adaptation,
- empowerment
Abstract
Results, obtained using structural equation modeling on a sample of 390 French employees, supported our hypotheses. They highlighted the positive effect of managerial empowerment on adaptive performance. In addition, results showed that empowerment was more strongly related to adaptive performance when perceived supervisor support was high.
The primary aim of this study is to examine the effect of managerial empowerment on employees’ adaptive performance. Failures of empowerment practices also suggest the need to study the boundary conditions under which managerial empowerment can facilitate adaptive performance.
As the nature of work is changing, employees’ adaptive performance (employees’ ability to work creatively, learn new skills, and adapt to diverse social contexts and new environments) becomes a prominent factor that helps organizations attain their objectives. Previous research has mainly focused on individual differences as predictors of adaptive performance. In contrast, the role of managerial variables in promoting adaptive performance has been overlooked.
Keywords:
- supervisor support,
- organizational change,
- adaptation strategy
Resumen
Los resultados de una encuesta realizada sobre 390 empleados, obtenidos mediante el método de ecuaciones estructurales, muestran la influencia positiva del empowerment sobre la performance adaptativa. Los resultados también ponen en evidencia que la percepción del apoyo del mánager aumenta el éxito de una estrategia del empowerment, que actúa como un recurso emocional valorado por los empleados en su estrategia de adaptación.
Los estudios se han centrado hasta el momento en los antecedentes de la performance adaptativa. Sin embargo, la influencia de las prácticas del mánager no ha sido analizada. Desde esta perspectiva, el primer objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el efecto del empowerment en la performance adaptativa. El fracaso de las estrategias de empowerment nos conduce también a estudiar las condiciones en las cuales el empowerment puede desarrollar la performance adaptativa.
Frente a la complejidad de las situaciones de trabajo, la capacidad de los empleados para aprender nuevas habilidades, interactuar con diversas personas y adaptarse a nuevos contextos es muy importante para la competitividad de las organizaciones. Estos comportamientos en el trabajo, que se agrupan bajo el concepto de performance adaptativa, son esenciales para alcanzar sus objetivos en un entorno marcado por el cambio continuo, la complejidad y la incertidumbre. Este concepto ha sido todavía escasamente estudiado.
Palabras clave:
- promoción de la autonomía,
- apoyo del manáger,
- cambio organizacional,
- estrategia de adaptación
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Ahearne, Mickael, John Mathieu et Adam Rapp. 2005. « To Empower or Not to Empower your Sales Force? An Empirical Examination of the Influence of Leadership Empowerment Behavior on Customer Satisfaction and Performance ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (5), 945-955.10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.945 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aiken, Leona S. et Stephen G. West. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.221 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Alge, Bradley J., Gary A. Ballinger, Subrahmaniam Tangirala et James L. Oakley. 2006. « Information Privacy in Organizations: Empowering Creative and Extra-role Performance ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (1), 221-232.10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.221 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Allworth, Elizabeth A. 2003. Adaptability in the Workplace: Keys Attributes for the Resilient Student. University of New South Wales.10.1002/job.211 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Allworth, Elizabeth A et Beryl Hesketh. 1996. Construct-based Biodata and the Prediction of Adaptive Performance. Twelfth Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, St. Louis, MO.10.2307/2393374 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Arnold, Josh A., Sharon Arad, Jonathan A. Rhoades et Fritz Drasgow. 2000. « The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire: The Construction and Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Leader Behaviours ». Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21 (3), 249-269.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<249::AID-JOB10>3.0.CO;2-# Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aselage, Justin et Robert Eisenberger. 2003. « Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Contracts: A Theoretical Integration ». Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24 (5), 491-509.10.1002/job.211 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barker, James A. 1993. « Tightening the Iron Cage: Concertive Control in Self-managing Teams ». Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 408-437.10.2307/2393374 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bartunek, Jean M. et Gretchen M. Spreitzer. 2006. « The Interdisciplinary Career of a Popular Construct Used in Management: Empowerment in the Late 20th Century ». Journal of Management Inquiry, 15 (3), 255-273.10.1177/1056492606291201 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Becker, Thomas E. 2005. « Potential Problems in the Statistical Control of Variables in Organizational Research: A Qualitative Analysis with Recommendations ». Organizational Research Methods, 8, 274-289.10.1177/1094428105278021 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Beehr, Terry A. 1985. « The Role of Social Support in Coping with Organizational Stress ». Human Stress and Cognition in Organizations: An Integrated Perspective. T.A. Beehr et R.S. Bhagat, dir. New York: Wiley.10.1037/a0014114 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Beehr, Terry A. et John A. Drexler. 1986. « Social Support, Autonomy, and Hierarchical Level as Moderators of the Role Characteristics-outcome Relationship ». Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 7 (3), 207-214.10.1002/job.4030070305 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Buch, Kimberly et Raymond Spangler. 1990. « The Effects of Quality Circles on Performance and Promotions ». Human Relations, 43 (6), 573-582.10.1177/001872679004300605 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Burke, Cameron S., Kevin C. Stagl, Eduardo Salas, Linda Pierce et Dana Kendall. 2006. « Understanding Team Adaptation: A Conceptual Analysis and Model ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (6), 1189-1207.10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1189 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Butts, Marcus M., Robert J. Vandenberg, David M. DeJoy et Bryan S. Schaffer. 2009. « Individual Reactions to High Involvement Work Processes: Investigating the Role of Empowerment and Perceived Organizational Support ». Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14 (2), 122-136.10.1037/a0014114 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Butz, Rebecca M., Joerg Dietz et Mary A. Konovsky. 2001. « Top Management and Immediate Supervisors as Distinct Targets of Trust ». Paper presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego.10.1177/001872679905200202 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Charbonnier-Voirin, Audrey, Assâad El Akremi et Christian Vandenberghe. 2010. « A Multilevel Model of Transformational Leadership and Adaptive Performance and the Moderating Role of Climate for Innovation ». Group and Organization Management, 35 (6), 699-726.10.1177/1059601110390833 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chebat, Jean-Charles et Paul Kollias. 2000. « The Impact of Empowerment on Customer Contact Employees’ Roles in Service Organizations ». Journal of Services Research, 3 (1), 66–81.10.1177/109467050031005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chen, Gilad, Payal Nangia Sharma, Suzanne K. Edinger, Debra L. Shapiro et Jiing-Lih Farh. 2011. « Motivating and Demotivating Forces in Teams: Cross-level Influences of Empowering Leadership and Relationship Conflict ». Journal of Applied Psychology, online.10.1177/105960119001500107 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chen, Ziguang, Wing Lam et Jian An Zhong. 2007. « Leader-member Exchange and Member Performance: A New Look at Individual-level Negative Feedback-seeking Behavior and Team-level Empowerment Climate ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (1), 202-212.10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.202 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cook, Frederic W. 1994. « Employee Participation Programs, Group-based Incentives, and Company Performance: A Union-Non-Union Comparison ». Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 47 (4), 594-609.10.2307/2524660 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Corsun, David L. et Cathy A. Enz. 1999. « Predicting Psychological Empowerment among Service Workers: The Effect of Support-based Relationship ». Human Relations, 52 (2), 205-224.10.1177/001872679905200202 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cortina, José M., Gilad Chen et William Dunlap. 2001. « Testing Interaction Effects in LISREL: Examination and Illustration of Available Procedures ». Organizational Research Methods, 4, 324-360.10.1177/109442810144002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Crowne, Douglas P. et David Marlowe. 1960. « A New Scale of Social Desirability Independent of Psychopathology ». Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24 (4), 349-354.10.1037/h0047358 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cummins, Robert C. 1990. « Job Stress and the Buffering Effect of Supervisory Support ». Group and Organisation Studies, 15 (1), 92-104.10.1177/105960119001500107 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eisenberger, Robert, Robin Huntington, Steven Hutchison et Debora Sowa. 1986. « Perceived Organizational Support ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 (3), 500-507.10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eisenberger, Robert, Steven Armeli, Barbara Rexwinkel, Patrick D. Lynch et Linda Rhoades. 2001. « Reciprocation of Perceived Organizational Support ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (1), 42-51.10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fisher, Cynthia D. 1985. « Social Support and Adjustment to Work: A Longitudinal Study ». Journal of Management, 11 (3), 39-53.10.1177/014920638501100304 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ford, J. Kevin, Miquel A. Quinones, Douglas J. Sego et Joann Speer Sorra. 1992. « Factors Affecting the Opportunity to Perform Trained Tasks on the Job ». Personnel Psychology, 45 (3), 511-526.10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00858.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ford, Robert C. et W. Alan Randolph. 1992. « Cross-functional Structures: A Review and Integration of Matrix Organization and Project Management ». Journal of Management, 18, 267-294.10.1177/014920639201800204 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ford, Robert C. et Myron D. Fottler. 1995. « Empowerment: A Matter of Degree ». The Academy of Management Executive, 9 (3), 2-12.10.5465/AME.1995.9509210269 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Forrester, Russ. 2000. « Empowerment: Rejuvenating a Potent Idea ». Academy of Management Executive, 14 (3), 67-80.10.5465/AME.2000.4468067 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- George, Jennifer M., Thomas F. Reed, Karen A. Ballard, Jessie Colin et Jane Fielding. 1993. « Contact with AIDS Patients as a Source of Work-related Distress: Effects of Organizational and Social Support ». Academy of Management Journal, 36 (1), 157-171.10.2307/256516 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gerstern, Charlotte R. et David V. Day. 1997. « Meta-Analytic Review of Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Correlates and Construct Issues ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (6), 827-844.10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.827 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Griffin, Barbara et Beryl Hesketh. 2003. « Adaptable Behaviours for Successful Work and Career Adjustment ». Australian Journal of Psychology, 55 (2), 65-73.10.1080/00049530412331312914 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Griffin, Mark A., Andrew Neal et Sharon K. Parker. 2007. « A New Model of Work Role Performance: Positive Behavior in Uncertain and interdependent contexts ». Academy of Management Journal, 50 (2), 327-347.10.5465/AMJ.2007.24634438 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hackman, J. Richard. 1987. « The Design of Work Teams ». Handbook of Organizational Behaviour. J.W. Lorsch, dir. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 315-342.10.1287/orsc.11.2.235.12512 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hackman, J. Richard et Greg R. Oldham. 1980. Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.10.5465/amj.2008.32626023 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Han, Tae Young et Kevin Williams. 2008. « Multilevel Investigation of Adaptive Performance: Individual and Team-level Relationships ». Group & Organization Management, 33 (6), 657-684.10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.467 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Herzberg, Frederick I. 1959. The Motivation to Work. New York: John Wiley and Sons.10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.280 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hesketh, Beryl et Andrew Neal. 1999. « Technology and Performance ». The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation and Development. D.R. Ilgen et D.P. Pulakos, dir. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 21-55.10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.97 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hooper, Daire, Joseph Coughlan et Michael R. Mullen. 2008. « Structural Equation Modeling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit ». The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6 (1), 53-60.10.1037/a0020016 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- House, James S. 1981. Work Stress and Social Support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Huang, Xu, Joyce Iun, Aili Liu et Yaping Gong. 2010. « Does Participative Leadership Enhance Work Performance by Inducing Empowerment or Trust? ». Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31 (1), 122-143.10.1002/job.636 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ilgen, Daniel R. et Elaine D. Pulakos. 1999. « Employee Performance in Today’s Organizations ». The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation and Development. D.R. Ilgen et D.P. Pulakos, dir. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1-18.10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.392 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Johnson, Jeff W. 2001. « The Relative Importance of Task and Contextual Performance Dimensions to Supervisor Judgments of Overall Performance ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (5), 984-996.10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.984 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kark, Ronit, Boas Shamir et Gilad Chen. 2003. « The Two Faces of Transformational Leadership: Empowerment and Dependency ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (2), 246-255.10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.246 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kirkman, Bradley L. et Benson Rosen. 1999. « Beyond Self-management: The Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment ». Academy of Management Journal, 42 (1), 58-74.10.2307/256874 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Konczak, Lee J., Damian J. Stelly et Michael L. Trusty. 2000. « Defining and Measuring Empowering Leader Behaviors: Development of an Upward Feedback Instrument ». Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60 (2), 301-313.10.1177/00131640021970420 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kozlowski, Steven W.J., Stanley M. Gully, Kenneth G. Brown, Eduardo Salas, Eleanor M. Smith et Earl R. Nason. 2001. « Effects of Training Goals and Goal Orientation Traits on Multidimensional Training Outcomes and Performance Adaptability ». Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 85 (1), 1-31.10.1006/obhd.2000.2930 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Labianca, Giuseppe, Barbara Gray et Daniel J. Brass. 2000. « A Grounded Model of Organizational Schema Change during Empowerment ». Organization Science, 11 (2), 235-257.10.1287/orsc.11.2.235.12512 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lawler, Edward E. 1992. The Ultimate Advantage: Creating the High Involvement Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.10.5465/ame.1999.1899547 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leana, Carrie R. et Gary Florkowski. 1992. « Employee Involvement Programs: Integrating Psychological Theory and Management Practice ». Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 10, 233-270.10.1016/S1479-3601(05)06001-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ling, Yan, Zeki Simsek, Michael H. Lubatkin et John F. Veiga. 2008. « Transformational Leadership’s Role in Promoting Corporate Entrepreneurship: Examining the CEO-TMT Interface ». Academy of Management Journal, 51 (3), 557-576.10.5465/AMJ.2008.32626023 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Logan, Mary S. et Daniel C. Ganster. 2007. « The Effects on Empowerment on Attitudes and Performance: The Role of Social Support and Empowerment Beliefs ». Journal of Management Studies, 44 (8), 1524-1550.10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.612 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lynch, Patrick D., Robert Eisenberger et Stephen Armeli. 1999. « Perceived Organizational Support: Inferior versus Superior Performance by Wary Employees ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (4), 467-483.10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.467 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mabe, Paul A. et Stephen G. West. 1982. « Validity of Self-evaluation of Ability: A Review and Meta-analysis ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 67 (3), 280-296.10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.280 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Malone, Thomas W. 1997. « Is Empowerment Just a Fad? Control, Decision Making, and IT ». Sloan Management Review, 38 (2), 23-35.10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00017-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mathieu, John E., Lucy L. Gilson et Thomas M. Ruddy. 2006. « Empowerment and Team Effectiveness: An Empirical Test of an Integrated Model ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (1), 97-108.10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.97 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Minbashian, Amirali, Robert E. Wood et Nadine Beckmann. 2010. « Task-contingent Conscientiousness as a Unit of Personality at Work ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (5), 793-806.10.1037/a0020016 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Moss, Simon A., Nicki Dowling et John Callanan. 2009. « Towards An Integrated Model Of Leadership And Self Regulation ». Leadership Quarterly, 20 (2), 162-176.10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Murphy, Patrice R. et Susane E. Jackson. 1999. « Managing Work Role Performance: Challenges for Twenty-First-century Organizations and their Employees ». The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation and Development. D.R. Ilgen et D.P. Pulakos, dir. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 325-365.10.2307/255975 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Niehoff, Brian P., Cathy A. Enz et Richard A. Grover. 1990. « The Impact of Top-management Actions on Employee Attitudes and Perceptions ». Group and Organization Studies, 15 (3), 337-352.10.1177/105960119001500307 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ng, Thomas W.H. et David C. Feldman. 2008. « The Relationship of Age to Ten Dimensions of Job Performance ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (2), 392-423.10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.392 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ng, Thomas W.H. et Kelly Sorensen. 2008. « Toward a Further Understanding of the Relationships between Perceptions of Support and Work Attitudes: A Meta-analysis ». Group and Organization Management, 33 (3), 243-268.10.1177/1059601107313307 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parker, Louise E. et Richard H. Price. 1994. « Empowered Managers and Empowered Workers: The Effects of Managerial Support and Managerial Perceived Control on Workers’ Sense of Control aver Decision Making ». Human Relations, 47 (8), 911-934.10.1177/001872679404700803 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parker, Sharon K. et Catherine G. Collins. 2010. « Taking Stock: Integrating and Differentiating Multiple Proactive Behaviors ». Journal of Management, 36 (3), 633-662.10.1177/0149206308321554 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parker, Sharon K., Uta K. Bindl et Karoline Strauss. 2010. « Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation ». Journal of Management, 36 (4), 827-856.10.1177/0149206310363732 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Peccei, Riccardo et Patrice Rosenthal. 2001. « Delivering Customer-oriented Behavior through Empowerment: An Empirical Test of HRM Assumptions ». Journal of Management Studies, 38 (6), 831-857.10.1111/1467-6486.00261 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ping, Robert A. 1995. « A Parsimonious Estimating Technique for Interaction and Quadratic Latent Variables ». The Journal of Marketing Research, 32, 336-347.10.2307/3151985 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pfeffer, Jeffrey et John F. Veiga. 1999. « Putting People First for Organizational Success ». Academy of Management Executive, 13 (2), 37-48.10.5465/AME.1999.1899547 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ployhart, Robert E. et Paul D. Bliese. 2006. « Individual Adaptability (I-ADAPT) Theory: Conceptualizing the Antecedents, Consequences, and Measurement of Individual Differences in Adaptability ». Understanding Adaptability: A Prerequisite for Effective Performance within Complex Environments. S. Burke, L.G. Pierce et E. Salas, dir. Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, 6, 3-40.10.1016/S1479-3601(05)06001-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Podsakoff, Philip M., Scott B. MacKenzie, Jeong-Yeon Lee et Nathan P. Podsakoff. 2003. « Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pulakos, Elaine D., Sharon Arad, Michelle A. Donovan et Kevin E. Plamondon. 2000. « Adaptability in the Workplace: Development of a Taxonomy of Adaptive Performance ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (4), 612–624.10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.612 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pulakos, Elaine D., Neal Schmitt, David W. Dorsey, Sharon Arad, Jerry W. Hedge et Walter C. Borman. 2002. « Predicting Adaptive Performance: Further Tests of a Model of Adaptability ». Human Performance, 15 (4), 299–323.10.1207/S15327043HUP1504_01 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pulakos, Elaine D., David W. Dorsey et Susan S. White. 2006. « Adaptability in the Workplace: Selecting an Adaptive Workforce ». Understanding Adaptability: A Prerequisite for Effective Performance within Complex Environments. C.S. Burke, L.G. Pierce et E. Salas, dir. Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, 6, 41-72.10.1016/S1479-3601(05)06002-9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Randolph, W. Alan. 2000. « Re-thinking Empowerment: Why is it so Hard to Achieve? ». Organizational Dynamics, 29, 94-107.10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00017-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Raub, Steffen et Christopher Robert. 2010. « Differential Effects of Empowering Leadership on In-role and Extra-role Employee: Exploring the Role of Psychological Empowerment and Power Values ». Human Relations, 63 (11), 1743-1770.10.1177/0018726710365092 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rhoades, Linda et Robert Eisenberger. 2002. « Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 698-714.10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Scott, Susanne G. et Reginald A. Bruce. 1994. « Determinants of Innovative Behavior: A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace ». Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3), 580-607.10.2307/256701 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Seers, Anson, Gail W. McGee, Timothy T. Serey et George Graen. 1983. « The Interaction of Job Stress and Social Support: A Strong Inference Investigation ». Academy of Management Journal, 26 (2), 273-284.10.2307/255975 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Shore, Lynn M. et Lois E. Tetrick. 1991. « A Construct Validity Study of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 76 (5), 637-643.10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.637 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 1995. « Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation ». Academy of Management Journal, 38 (5), 1442-1465.10.2307/256865 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 1996. « Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment ». Academy of Management Journal, 39 (2), 483-504.10.2307/256789 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 2007. « Toward the Integration of Two Perspectives: A Review of Social-Structural and Psychological Empowerment at Work ». The Handbook of Organizational Behavior. C. Cooper et J. Barling, dir. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Spreitzer, Gretchen M., Mark A. Kizilos et Stephen W. Nason. 1997. « A Dimensional Analysis of the Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Effectiveness, Satisfaction, and Strain ». Journal of Management, 23, 679-704.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stinglhamber, Florence et Christian Vandenberghe. 2002. « L’engagement envers l’organisation et le supérieur : un examen de leurs antecedents ». Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, 8 (3), 137-165.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sturman, Michael C. 2003. « Searching for the Inverted U-shaped Relationship between Time and Performance: Meta-analyses of the Experience / Performance, Tenure / Performance, and Age / Performance Relationships ». Journal of Management, 29, 609-640.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sumukadas, Narendar et Rajeeva Sawhney. 2004. « Workforce Agility through Employee Involvement ». IIE Transactions, 36 (10), 1011-1021.10.1080/07408170490500997 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thoits, Peggy A. 1985. « Social Support and Psychological Well-Being: Theoretical Possibilities ». Social Support: Theory, Research, and Applications. I.G. Sarason et B.R. Sarason, dir. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 51-72.10.1177/014920639702300504 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tuuli, Martin Morgan et Steve Rowlinson. 2009. « Empowerment in Project Teams: A Multilevel Examination of the Job Performance Implications ». Construction Management and Economics, 27, 473-498.10.1080/01446190902729713 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Vallerand, Robert J. 1989. « Vers une méthodologie de validation transculturelle de questionnaires psychologiques : implications pour la recherche en langue française ». Psychologie canadienne, 30 (4), 662-689.10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00028-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wei, Li-Qun et Chung-Ming Lau. 2010. In press. « High performance work systems and performance: The role of adaptive capability ». Human Relations, 63 (10), 1487-1511.10.1177/0018726709359720 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Williams, Larry J., Joseph A. Cote et Ronald Buckley. 1989. « Lack of Method Variance in Self-Reported Affect and Perceptions at Work: Reality or Artifact? ». Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 462-468.10.1037/0021-9010.74.3.462 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
