Abstracts
Summary
Using a proprietary dataset containing personnel records on over 22,000 full-time, non-unionized employees from a large Canadian firm with nationwide operations from 1996 to 2000, this paper explores the incidence of promotion for women and racial minorities. The findings show that women and racial minorities are less likely than their white male counterparts to be promoted. For both white women and minority women, the disadvantage is most severe at the lower rungs of the organizational hierarchy, lending support to the “sticky floor” hypothesis. Significant promotion disadvantages occur for white women, visible minority women, and visible minority men at the middle ranks of the organization, and visible minority men continue to experience a promotion disadvantage at the highest organizational levels.
Keywords:
- women,
- visible minorities,
- advancement opportunity,
- organizational level,
- Canada
Résumé
Cet article traite des facteurs qui déterminent les promotions en milieu de travail et effectue une évaluation empirique afin de vérifier si les femmes et les minorités raciales bénéficient des mêmes possibilités d’avancement que les hommes de race blanche à divers niveaux de la hiérarchie organisationnelle. Le fait d’être promu est un facteur clé qui affecte la rémunération, les chances de développement personnel et la satisfaction au travail. Du point de vue de l’organisation, une main-d’oeuvre diversifiée est étroitement associée à des niveaux plus élevés de capacité de résolution de problèmes, de créativité, d’innovation et de performance organisationnelle. Tenant compte de la diversité croissante de cette main-d’oeuvre et du fait que ces groupes continueront de représenter une partie significative et grandissante de la main-d’oeuvre totale, il devient crucial de comprendre l’expérience des femmes et des minorités visibles sur le marché du travail. Nous devons tenir compte de leur possibilité de développer pleinement leur potentiel et de la capacité qu’a l’organisation de bénéficier de l’expérience, des connaissances et du talent de ces travailleurs.
Cet article se base sur les trois hypothèses suivantes pour tenter d’identifier les causes de la difficulté d’avancement professionnel pour les femmes et les minorités raciales: (1) l’hypothèse du plancher collant, selon laquelle les hommes de race blanche ont un avantage sur les femmes de race blanche ainsi que sur les hommes et les femmes de minorités visibles pour les promotions dans les niveaux les plus bas de la hiérarchie organisationnelle; (2) l’hypothèse du goulot affirmant que les hommes de race blanche ont un avantage sur les femmes de race blanche, les hommes et les femmes de minorités visibles pour les promotions dans les rangs de cadres moyens de la hiérarchie organisationnelle; et (3) l’hypothèse du plafond de verre postulant que les hommes de race blanche ont un avantage dans les promotions sur les femmes de race blanche, les hommes et les femmes de minorités visibles à des niveaux organisationnels supérieurs.
En utilisant un ensemble de données contenues dans les dossiers de plus de 22 000 travailleurs à temps plein non syndiqués d’une firme canadienne opérant à l’échelle nationale de 1996 à 2000, nous avons constaté que les femmes et les minorités raciales sont moins susceptibles d’être promues que leurs collègues masculins de race blanche et ce, même en considérant un large éventail de variables relatives à l’offre (années de service, âge, niveau de scolarité, performance et interruption de travail) et de variables portant sur la demande (catégorie d’emploi, niveau d’emploi, répartition race/sexe des emplois).
Les résultats nous démontrent des impacts variables selon les différents groupes des divers paliers de la hiérarchie organisationnelle après avoir contrôlé un large éventail de facteurs influençant la probabilité de promotion. Les désavantages sont plus sévères pour les femmes de race blanche et les femmes de minorités visibles aux niveaux les plus bas de la hiérarchie organisationnelle, ce qui vient confirmer l’hypothèse du « plancher collant ». De plus, les femmes de race blanche, les femmes de minorités visibles et les hommes de minorités visibles sont désavantagés pour les promotions aux postes de cadres moyens, ce qui vient confirmer l’hypothèse du « goulot » en matière d’avancement professionnel pour les femmes et les minorités visibles. Bien que les femmes de race blanche et les femmes de minorités visibles aient des chances égales aux hommes de race blanche d’être promues aux niveaux les plus élevés de la hiérarchie organisationnelle, les hommes de minorités visibles sont désavantagés à ces niveaux, ce qui suggère un effet de « plafond de verre » pour ce groupe.
Même pendant la période de forte croissance économique et avec un marché du travail favorable de 1996 à 2000, les groupes minoritaires race/sexe ont vécu des difficultés par rapport à leurs chances d’avancement au sein de la hiérarchie organisationnelle. Les difficultés plus larges vécues par les femmes de minorités visibles dans des emplois de niveaux organisationnels bas et moyens tout comme l’effet de plafonnement observé chez les hommes de minorités visibles sont difficilement attribuables à des déterminants non discriminatoires basés sur les groupes de travailleurs pour l’attribution des promotions, suggérant que la force de la main-d’oeuvre ne suffit pas à elle seule à éradiquer les inégalités existantes sur le marché du travail.
Les décisions liées à l’emploi devraient être basées sur des critères de mérite et de capacité, permettant ainsi à tous les employeurs de mettre les talents et compétences à profit et de fournir une contribution maximale à la société. La transparence à tous les niveaux du processus de promotion et le fait de jumeler les employés à des positions en se basant sur leurs compétences plutôt que sur des caractéristiques déjà assignées pourrait promouvoir l’efficacité via la rationalisation du processus de répartition des ressources humaines.
Malgré toute l’emphase qui a été mise sur le fait de briser le plafond de verre, on a omis de parler suffisamment du plancher collant et, jusqu’à cette étude, aucune attention n’a été portée sur l’effet de goulot de niveau intermédiaire. De véritables efforts sont requis de le part des divers intervenants en vue d’alléger ou sinon d’éliminer carrément les inconvénients que vivent les femmes et les minorités raciales à tous les paliers de la hiérarchie organisationnelle.
Mots-clés:
- femmes,
- minorités raciales,
- possibilité d’avancement,
- niveau organisationnel,
- Canada
Resumen
Este documento explora la incidencia de la promoción para las mujeres y minorías raciales. Para ello utilizamos un banco de datos de propiedad registrada que contiene datos de 22,000 empleados a tiempo completo, no sindicalizados, de una gran empresa canadiense operando a nivel nacional de 1996 al 2000. Los resultados muestran que la probabilidad de ser promovido es menor para las mujeres y las minorías raciales que para sus contrapartes masculinas de raza blanca. Tanto para las mujeres de raza blanca y las mujeres de minoría racial, la desventaja es más severa en los peldaños más bajos de la jerarquía organizacional, lo que soporta la hipótesis del “piso pegajoso”. Ciertas desventajas significativas a la promoción afectan las mujeres de raza blanca, las mujeres de minorías visibles y los hombres de minorías visibles en los rangos medios de la organización y los hombres de minorías visibles continúan a experimentar desventajas en la promoción en los más altos niveles organizacionales.
Palabras claves:
- mujeres,
- minorías visibles,
- oportunidades de avance,
- niveles organizacionales,
- Canadá
Appendices
References
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