Abstracts
Abstract
Graduate student unions are beginning to attract attention in Canada and the United States. In Canada, unionization on campuses is especially important for organized labour, as union density has dropped below 30 percent for the first time in five decades. Graduate student unionization is also important in the wider context of precarious employment in North America. Despite the decline in overall union density, graduate student unions have continued to grow in the past decade. However, there is a paucity of scholarly research in this area. In this article, we trace the historical origins of graduate student unions in Canada, discuss relevant legal concerns, analyze pertinent collective bargaining and strike issues, and suggest avenues for future research.
Résumé
Les syndicats d’étudiants diplômés commencent à capter considérablement l’attention des universitaires et des praticiens en Amérique du Nord. Au Canada, la syndicalisation sur les campus universitaires prend de l’importance dans le monde du travail syndiqué, au moment où la densité syndicale a plongé en bas de 30 % pour la première fois depuis cinq décennies. Entre 1992 et 1997, le membership syndical a perdu 255 000 personnes, une baisse moyenne de 51 000 par année, ce qui représente une perte de 7 % de l’effectif. Malgré le déclin de la densité globale, les syndicats étudiants ont continué à croître au cours de la dernière décennie. Cette propension à se syndiquer peut être reliée à la situation financière critique dans le monde universitaire canadien, qui a à son tour exercée un impact sur les salaires, la charge de travail, les frais de scolarité et possiblement dans l’avenir sur l’endettement des étudiants. Le syndicalisme apparaît alors comme le véhicule permettant graduellement aux étudiants diplômés de faire connaître leurs intérêts.
Par ailleurs, on constate l’inexistence des publications scientifiques sur le syndicalisme chez les étudiants aux études supérieures. En tenant compte de la nature éphémère de ces syndicats, où les étudiants maintiennent leur membership seulement au cours des périodes limitées aux études supérieures, il est alors intéressant de constater qu’ils peuvent créer une préoccupation additionnelle au système de gestion des universités par le recours éventuel à la grève ou au ralentissement des activités. La section locale 3 903 du SCFP (Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique), qui représente le syndicat des étudiants diplômés de l’Université York, fournit un exemple frappant de l’influence d’un tel syndicat à ce niveau. Comme tel, il devient important que des recherches soient réalisées sur la syndicalisation des étudiants diplômés, car leur intérêt à se syndiquer semble se maintenir avec autant d’intensité.
Pour obtenir de l’information et des données sur la syndicalisation des étudiants diplômés, nous avons effectué une revue de la documentation pertinente, une revue de l’information fournie sur les sites Internet des syndicats étudiants, et nous avons interviewé plusieurs représentants des syndicats et des administrations.
Au premier chef, nous avons observé que l’organisation des étudiants diplômés au Canada s’est produite en deux mouvements : les premières sections locales sont apparues dans les universités au milieu des années 1970 en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. La deuxième vague s’est produite au cours de la dernière décennie, avec quelques additions dans la période intermédiaire. Les raisons communes aux deux vagues sont de l’ordre des taux de rémunération et de la charge de travail. Des efforts plus récents ont été motivés par des perspectives réduites d’emploi et par des frais de scolarité accrus.
Au Canada, comme elle le prévoit pour d’autres groupes de salariés, la loi permet aux diplômés de s’organiser et de négocier collectivement, une fois qu’ils rencontrent les seuils de support et de communauté d’intérêts au sein des unités d’accréditation. Ces droits ont été reconnus par une décision importante de la Commission des relations de travail de l’Ontario en 1975 dans le cas des assistants diplômés de l’Université de York. Ce cas a pavé la voie à la syndicalisation des assistants d’enseignement en Ontario et dans le reste du Canada.
Avant cette décision, la position du Conseil des gouverneurs de l’Université York était à l’effet que les étudiants diplômés et les assistants d’enseignement ne se qualifiaient pas comme des salariés au sens du Code du travail de l’Ontario. L’université soutenait que les étudiants diplômés qui agissaient comme assistants dans l’enseignement et dans la recherche se retrouvaient dans la même catégorie que les étudiants bénéficiaires de bourses ou de prêts venant de l’université. L’Association des étudiants diplômés soutenait pour sa part que les diplômés qui travaillaient comme assistants d’enseignement ou de recherche constituaient une catégorie distincte parce que le travail qu’ils accomplissaient n’était pas relié à leurs études; par conséquent, les fonds obtenus devaient être considérés comme un salaire. La Commission des relations de travail de l’Ontario déclara que les étudiants diplômés engagés comme assistants d’enseignement et les autres engagés comme tuteurs ou directeurs de cours au Collège Atkinson (le programme du soir de l’université) se qualifiaient comme salariés au sens du Code du travail de l’Ontario, alors que les étudiants diplômés en étaient exclus. Un membre dissident de la Commission se rangea du côté de la décision majoritaire tout en étant d’avis que les assistants diplômés pouvaient aussi se qualifier. Ceci devenait la première décision de ce type au Canada, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la syndicalisation chez les étudiants diplômés à titre de salariés tels que prévu par le Code du travail.
Nous avons également constaté que le taux de syndicalisation varie d’une province à l’autre. Effectivement, les taux sont plus élevés en Nouvelle-Écosse, en Ontario, en Colombie-Britannique et en Saskatchewan; ils le sont moins en Alberta, au Québec et au Nouveau-Brunswick. Dans la dernière partie de cet essai, nous avons élaboré un modèle sous forme de diagramme des antécédents de la syndicalisation des étudiants diplômés et nous avons suggéré des avenues de recherche pour le futur.
Dans le monde syndical, l’organisation de ceux qui ne sont pas syndiqués demeure un enjeu significatif. Par exemple, au SCFP, le travail de syndicalisation est perçu comme vital. En effet, le taux d’attrition est de l’ordre de 5 % par année, par conséquent, il faut recruter autour de 9 000 nouveaux membres chaque année seulement pour maintenir le niveau de l’effectif syndical. Les universités offrent donc un bon potentiel de syndicalisation.
Il faut poursuivre les recherches sur le sujet. Les étudiants diplômés occupent une place importante dans la société. Non seulement fournissent-ils le leadership dans le monde universitaire et celui des affaires une fois leurs études complétées, mais encore ils fournissent également un leadership dans des milieux syndiqués longtemps après leur diplômation. Ils peuvent être lourdement endettés lorsqu’ils quittent l’université, et cela peut continuer même par la suite pour de longues périodes. Sans l’aide de la syndicalisation pour leur procurer une rémunération acceptable, cet endettement serait sans aucun doute accru. Par conséquent, la syndicalisation de ces groupes demeure importante pour s’assurer de la qualité de vie des étudiants diplômés, qui dépendent de ce type de travail pour maintenir une aide financière pendant leurs études.
Resumen
Los sindicatos de estudiantes graduados han comenzado a llamar la atención en Canadá y en Estados Unidos. En Canadá, la sindicalización en las universidades es particularmente importante para el movimiento laboral, puesto que la densidad ha descendido por debajo del 30 por ciento por la primera vez en cinco décadas. Sindicalizar los estudiantes graduados es también importante en el amplio contexto del empleo precario en America del Norte. A pesar del deterioro de la densidad sindical global, los sindicatos de estudiantes graduados han seguido creciendo durante la ultima década. Existe sin embargo una restricción respecto a la investigación académica. En este documento, nosotros examinamos los orígenes históricos de los sindicatos de estudiantes graduados en Canada, discutimos las cuestiones legales mas importantes, analizamos las cuestiones pertinentes a la negociación colectiva y la huelga, y sugerimos pistas por futuras investigaciones.
Appendices
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