Abstracts
Abstract
This article examines the different types of sexual violence inflicted on enslaved females who were captured during the War of Candia (1645–69). Women and girls constituted an exceptionally high percentage of the individuals enslaved in the course of this religiously justified war. Many of the captured Muslims were trafficked to Catholic Europe, where they were subjected to various forms of sexual exploitation. Yet this article suggests that the prolonged conflict also gave rise to Italian slavers’ sexual violence against enslaved females who were, in fact, not Muslims. It then illuminates the role that religious affiliation actually played in shaping local reactions to the rapes, as well as the responses of Church and state authorities to supplications asking to liberate the survivors of repeated sexual abuse. Finally, the article argues that taking sexual violence into consideration complicates our understanding of early modern Mediterranean enslavement, its motivations, and its implications.
Keywords:
- Rape,
- Forced Pregnancy,
- Forced Prostitution,
- Enslavement,
- Human Trafficking,
- Early Modern Mediterranean,
- War of Candia,
- Cossack–Polish War,
- Muslim–Christian Relations,
- Jewish–Christian Relations
Résumé
Le présent article examine les différents types de violence sexuelle infligés aux femmes capturées et réduites en esclavage pendant la guerre de Candie (1645–69). Les filles et les femmes ont formé un pourcentage exceptionnellement élevé des esclaves faits au cours de cette guerre de religion. Beaucoup de musulmanes capturées ont été emmenées dans l’Europe catholique, où elles ont subi différentes formes d’exploitation sexuelle. Cet article indique toutefois que ce long conflit a aussi donné lieu à des violences sexuelles de la part d’esclavagistes italiens envers des esclaves non musulmanes. Il met également en lumière le rôle joué par l’appartenance religieuse dans les réactions locales aux viols, ainsi que les réponses des autorités ecclésiastiques et laïques aux supplications de libérer les survivantes d’abus sexuels répétés. Enfin, l’article soutient que la prise en compte de la violence sexuelle nuance notre conception de l’esclavage, y compris ses motivations et ses implications, dans la Méditerranée des premiers temps modernes.
Mots-clés :
- Viol,
- Grossesse forcée,
- Prostitution forcée,
- Esclavage,
- Traite des êtres humains,
- Méditerranée,
- Début de l’ère moderne,
- Guerre de Candie,
- Guerre polono-cosaque,
- Relations islamo-chrétiennes,
- Relations judéo-chrétiennes
Appendices
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