Abstracts
Abstract
Social protection is a well-accepted means to tackle poverty. This article focuses on social assistance, one aspect of social protection primarily involving non-contributory transfers, in cash or in-kind. Forcibly displaced people, particularly those displaced across international borders, have typically been excluded from state-provided social assistance. This has begun to change. In addition, informal sources of social assistance—community organizations, neighbours, faith groups, and family networks—are particularly significant for displaced people. A more transformative understanding of social protection should encompass this wider array of sources. Interpreted in this way, social assistance offers a new way of bridging humanitarian and development responses to displacement.
Keywords:
- refugees,
- humanitarianism,
- displacement,
- social protection
Résumé
La protection sociale est un moyen reconnu de lutter contre la pauvreté. Cet article se concentre sur l’assistance sociale, un aspect de la protection sociale qui implique principalement des transferts non-contributifs, en espèces ou en nature. Les personnes en déplacement forcé, particulièrement celles qui sont déplacées au-delà des frontières internationales, ont généralement été exclues de l’assistance sociale fournie par l’État. Cette situation commence à changer. En outre, les sources informelles d’assistance sociale - organisations communautaires, voisinage, groupes confessionnels et réseaux familiaux - sont particulièrement importantes pour les personnes déplacées. Une compréhension plus transformatrice de la protection sociale devrait englober cet éventail de ressources plus large. Interprétée de cette manière, l’assistance sociale offre un nouveau moyen de concilier les réponses humanitaires et de développement en matière de déplacement.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Adesina, J. O. (2020). Policy merchandising and social assistance in Africa: Don’t call dog monkey for me. Development and Change, 51(2), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12569
- Andrade, M., Sato, L., & Hammad, M. (2021). Improving social protection for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Egypt (Research report 57). International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. https://www.unicef.org/egypt/media/6881/file/Improving%20social%20protection%20for%20migrants,%20refugees%20and%20asylum%20seekers%20in%20Egypt%20|%20Full%20report.pdf
- Banting, K., & Koning, E. (2017). Just visiting? The weakening of social protection in a mobile world. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Multicultural governance in a mobile world (pp. 108–138). Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474428255-007
- Betts, A., Bloom, L., Kaplan, J. D., & Omata, N. (2017). Refugee economies: Forced displacement and development. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795681.001.0001
- Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee system. Penguin.
- Betts, A., Costello, C., & Zaun, N. (2017). A fair share: Refugees and responsibility-sharing (Report 2017:10). Delmi. https://www.delmi.se/en/publications/report-and-policy-brief-2017-10-a-fair-share-refugees-and-responsibility-sharing/
- Boeyink, C. T. (2019). A “worthy” refugee: Cash as a diagnostic of “xeno-racism” and “bio-legitimacy.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 35(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060675ar
- Brun, C. (2016). There is no future in humanitarianism: Emergency, temporality and protracted displacement. History and Anthropology, 27(4), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2016.1207637
- Buller, A. M., Peterman, A., Ranganathan, M., Bleile, A., Hidrobo, M., & Heise, L. (2018). A mixed-method review of cash transfers and intimate partner violence in low-and middle-income countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 33(2), 218–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lky002
- Carpi, E., & Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2020). A sociology of knowledge on humanitarianism and displacement: The case of Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and Turkey. In A. Salvatore, S. Hanafi, & K. Obuse (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociology of the Middle East (pp. 688–710). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190087470.013.43
- Cetinoglu, T., & Yilmaz, V. (2020). A contextual policy analysis of a cash programme in a humanitarian setting: The case of the emergency social safety net in Turkey. Disasters, 45(3), 604–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12438
- Chimni, B. S. (2018). Global compact on refugees: One step forward, two steps back. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 630–634. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey067
- Coddington, K. (2018). Landscapes of refugee protection. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 43(3), 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12224
- Collyer, M., te Lintelo, D. J. H., Mutambasere, T., & Zaman, T. (2022, June 7). Moving targets: Social protection as a link between humanitarianism, development and displacement (BASIC research working paper 17). Institute of Development Studies. https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/moving-targets-social-protection-as-a-link-between-humanitarianism-development-and-displacement/
- Crawley, H. (2017, April 6). Why jobs in special economic zones won’t solve the problems facing the world’s refugees. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-jobs-in-special-economic-zones-wont-solve-the-problems-facing-the-worlds-refugees-75249
- Crisp, J. (2001). Mind the gap! UNHCR, humanitarian assistance and the development process. International Migration Review, 35(1), 168–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00010.x
- Crisp, J. (2017). Finding space for protection: An inside account of the evolution of UNHCR’s urban refugee policy. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 33(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40451
- Development Initiatives. (2023). Global humanitarian assistance report 2023. https://devinit-prod-static.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/documents/GHA2023_Digital_v9.pdf
- Devereux, S., & Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2004, October). Transformative social protection (IDS working paper 232). https://www.ids.ac.uk/download.php?file=files/dmfile/Wp232.pdf
- Easton-Calabria, E. (2020). Success twinned by challenge: An urban IDP response in Ethiopia. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 39(4), 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa033
- Easton-Calabria, E., & Omata, N. (2018). Panacea for the refugee crisis? Rethinking the promotion of “self-reliance” for refugees. Third World Quarterly, 39(8), 1458–1474. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1458301
- Easton-Calabria, E., & Pincock, K. (2018). Refugee led social protection: Reconceiving refugee assistance. Forced Migration Review, 58, 56–58. https://www.fmreview.org/eastoncalabria-pincock/
- Ferguson, J. (2015). Give a man a fish: Reflections on the new politics of distribution. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822375524
- Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2011). Faith-based humanitarianism in contexts of forced displacement. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24(3), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fer033
- Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2018). Southern-led responses to displacement: Modes of South–South cooperation? In E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh & P. Daley (Eds.), Handbook of South–South relations (pp. 239–255). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315624495
- Gentilini, U., Khosla, S., & Almenfi, M. (2021). Cash in the city: Emerging lessons from implementing cash transfers in urban Africa. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35003
- Global Compact for Migration. (2018, July 13). Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180713_agreed_outcome_global_compact_for_migration.pdf
- Hagen-Zanker, J., & Both, N. (2021, June). Social protection provisions to refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned from government and humanitarian responses (ODI working paper 612). https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/ODI_Refugees_rev_July2021.pdf
- Harrell-Bond, B. (1986). Imposing aid: Emergency assistance to refugees. Oxford University Press.
- Hathaway, J. C. (2018). The global cop-out on refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey062
- Hillier, D., Newton-Lewis, T., Nair, R., & Larsen, C. (2020, July). Initial COVID-19 responses in Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sierra Leone and Uganda: Documentation and learning from March to May 2020 (Maintains policy paper). https://www.opml.co.uk/files/Publications/A2241-maintains/covid19-synthesis-report-exec-sum-only-final-2.pdf?noredirect=1
- Holmes, R., & Jones, N. (2013). Gender and social protection in the developing world: Beyond mothers and safety nets. Zed Books.
- Humanitarian Policy Group. (2018, January 22). A design experiment: Imagining an alternative humanitarian system. Overseas Development Institute. https://odi.org/en/publications/a-design-experiment-imagining-alternative-humanitarian-action/
- Hyndman, J., & Reynolds, J. (2020). Beyond the global compacts: Reimaginging protection. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 36(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40768
- Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2023, June 2). Grand Bargain beyond 2023. https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/sites/default/files/migrated/2023-06/Grand%20Bargain%20beyond%202023%20-%20Framework.pdf
- International Labour Organization. (n.d.). Decent work. https://www.ilo.org/topics/decent-work
- International Labour Organization. (1952). C102—Social security (minimum standards) convention, 1952 (no. 102). https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C102
- International Labour Organization. (2021, November 8). Intervention model: For extending social protection to refugees and asylum seekers. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/publications/WCMS_826720/lang--en/index.htm
- International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, UNICEF—Regional Office For Latin America and the Caribbean, and World Food Programme. (2021, May 20). Social protection and Venezuelan migration in Latin America and the Caribbean in the context of COVID-19. https://www.wfp.org/publications/social-protection-and-venezuelan-migration-latin-america-and-caribbean-context-covid
- Jacobsen, K. (2005). The economic life of refugees. Kumarian Press.
- Jacobsen, K., & Fratkze, S. (2016, September). Building livelihood opportunities for refugee populations: Lessons from past practice. Transatlantic Council on Migration. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/building-livelihood-opportunities-refugee-populations-lessons-past-practice
- Jones, N. (2021). Gender and social protection. In E. Schüring & M. Loewe (Eds.), Handbook on social protection systems (pp. 337–348). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00047
- Kool, T. A., & Nimeh, A. (2021). Refugees and social protection. In E. Schüring & M. Loewe (Eds.), Handbook on social protection systems (pp. 410–422). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00054
- Levitt, P., Viterna, J., Mueller, A., & Lloyd, C. (2017). Transnational social protection: Setting the agenda. Oxford Development Studies, 41(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2016.1239702
- Lindley, A. (2009). The early-morning phonecall: Remittances from a refugee diaspora perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(8), 1315–1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903123112
- Morris, J. (2020). Extractive landscapes: The case of the Jordan Refugee Compact. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 36(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40623
- Mumtaz, Z. (2022). Informal social protection: A conceptual synthesis. Social Policy & Administration, 56(3), 394–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12772
- Nimeh, Z., Kool, T., Iacoella, F., & Huns, A. (2020). Rethinking humanitarian aid & making the case for humanitarian social protection: A response to the 2019 Global Refugee Forum (MERIT working papers no. 2020-053). United Nations University—Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT). https://ideas.repec.org/p/unm/unumer/2020053.html
- O’Brien, C., Scott, Z., Smith, G., Barca, V., Kardan, A., Holmes, R., Watson, C., & Congrave, J. (2018, January). Shock-responsive social protection systems research: Synthesis report. Oxford Policy Management. https://www.opml.co.uk/files/Publications/a0408-shock-responsive-social-protection-systems/srsp-synthesis-report.pdf
- Olivier de Sardan, J. P. (2018). Miracle mechanisms, traveling models, and the revenge of contexts. Cash transfer programs: A textbook case. In J. P. Olivier de Sardan & E. Piccoli (Eds.), Cash transfers in context: An anthropological perspective (pp. 29–91). Berghan Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04jbv
- Pincock, K., Betts, A., & Easton-Calabria, E. (2020). The global governed? Refugees as providers of protection and assistance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108848831
- Quadir, F. (2013). Rising donors and the new narrative of “South–South” cooperation: What prospects for changing the landscape of development assistance programmes? Third World Quarterly, 34(2), 321–338. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42002125
- Roelen, K., Archibald, E., & Lowe, C. (2021, June 9). COVID-19: Crisis as opportunity for urban cash transfers? [Working paper]. ODI https://odi.org/en/publications/covid-19-crisis-as-opportunity-for-urban-cash-transfer/
- Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2019). Mapping differential vulnerabilities and rights: “Opening” access to social protection for forcibly displaced populations. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(1), Article 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0142-6
- Sabates-Wheeler, R., Lind, J., Harvey, P., & Slater, R. (2022, May 25). Strengthening responses at the nexus of social protection, humanitarian aid and climate shocks in protracted crises (BASIC research working paper 1). Institute of Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.19088/BASIC.2022.001
- Savage, K., & Harvey, P. (Eds.). (2007, June 16). Remittances during crises: Implications for humanitarian response. Humanitarian Policy Group, ODI. https://odi.org/en/publications/remittances-during-crises-implications-for-humanitarian-response/
- Shamsuddin, M., Acosta, P A., Battaglin Schwengber, R., Fix, J., & Pirani, N. (2021, March). Integration of Venezuelan refugees and migrants in Brazil (Policy research working paper 9605). World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498351617118028819/pdf/Integration-of-Venezuelan-Refugees-and-Migrants-in-Brazil.pdf
- Skran, C., & Easton-Calabria, E. (2020). Old concepts making new history: Refugee self-reliance, livelihoods and the “refugee entrepreneur.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061
- Srivastava, R. (2020). Vulnerable internal migrants in India and portability of social security and entitlements (Centre for Employment Studies working paper 02/2020). Institute for Human Development. http://www.ihdindia.org/Working%20Ppaers/2020/IHD-CES_WP_02_2020.pdf
- te Lintelo, D.J . H., Ford, H., Liptrot, T., Mansour, W., & Rahbany, A. (2020). Contested public authority in marginal urban areas: Challenges for humanitarians. Forced Migration Review, 63, 52–55. https://www.fmreview.org/telintelo-ford-liptrot-mansour-rahbany/
- UNICEF Innocenti. (2020, August). Gender-responsive age-sensitive social protection: A conceptual framework (WP2020-10). https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/reports/gender-responsive-age-sensitive-social-protection
- UNHCR. (n.d.). Social protection. https://www.unhcr.org/uk/what-we-do/build-better-futures/livelihoods-and-economic-inclusion/social-protection
- UNHCR. (2014). Global strategy for livelihoods: A UNHCR strategy 2014–2018. https://www.unhcr.org/uk/protection/livelihoods/530f107b6/global-strategy-livelihoods.html
- UNHCR. (2018). UNHCR mapping of social safety nets for refugees—Opportunities and challenges. https://www.unhcr.org/5ad5b4084.pdf
- UNHCR. (2019, January). UNHCR age, gender and diversity policy. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/women/4e7757449/unhcr-age-gender-diversity-policy-working-people-communities-equality-protection.html
- UNHCR. (2020). Aligning humanitarian cash assistance with national social safety nets in refugee settings—Key considerations and learning. https://www.unhcr.org/uk/media/aligning-humanitarian-cash-assistance-national-social-safety-nets-refugee-settings-key
- UNHCR. (2024). UNHCR and cash assistance: 2023 annual report. https://www.unhcr.org/media/2023-annual-report-cash-assistance
- United Nations. (2018). Global compact on refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/5c658aed4.pdf
- United Nations. (2020, July). Social protection responses to the COVID 19 crisis in the MENA/Arab states region. https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/10271/file/MENA%20COVID19%20brief%20-%20FINAL_v4.pdf%20.pdf
- United Nations General Assembly. (2015, September 25). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n15/291/89/pdf/n1529189.pdf
- United Nations General Assembly. (2016, October 3). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 September 2016: New York declaration for refugees and migrants. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_71_1.pdf
- Wagner, M. (2017, July 10). Past and current burden—and responsibility sharing arrangements. International Centre for Migration Policy Development. https://www.icmpd.org/blog/2017/past-and-current-burden-and-responsibility-sharing-and-arrangements
- Zaman, T. (2016). Islamic traditions of refuge in the crises of Iraq and Syria. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137550064
- Zaman, T. (2020). Neighbourliness, conviviality, and the sacred in Athens’ refugee squats. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(3), 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12360
- Zetter, R. (2007). More labels, fewer refugees: Remaking the refugee label in an era of globalization. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(2), 172–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem011
- Zetter, R. (2019). Theorizing the refugee humanitarian–development nexus: A political-economy analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 1766–1786. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez070