Abstracts
Abstract
Since the Second World War, racial integration has been the dominant way of framing racial justice. Those who advocate integration believe that racial justice would be achievable if Blacks were given an equal opportunity to compete on par with Whites. However, racial integration was critiqued most radically and vocally during the 1970s and early 1980s Black Power era. While the Black Power movement never coalesced into a unified critique of integration, it radically shifted debates within the Black public sphere. The attack on Black radicalism and the rise of neoliberalism combined to create a condition in which critiques of capitalism and demands for radical social transformation were increasingly seen as outdated, irrelevant, or a promotion of totalitarianism. This paper focuses on how the ideology of integration manifests in Derrick Darby and John Rury’s (2018) book, The Color of Mind. The ideology of integration is the hegemonic system of explicitly or tacitly held beliefs that misrepresents significant aspects of social reality by assuming that racial justice is solely, or even primarily, about integrating Blacks and other racialized groups into liberal capitalism. Darby and Rury reproduce the ideology of integration by framing racial justice as a fight for integration. To move beyond the ideology of integration, we must seriously engage the Black radical tradition, which requires philosophically reconstructing reasonable, but radical arguments within the Black radical tradition.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Abowitz, K. K. (2014). Publics for public schools: Legitimacy, democracy, and leadership. Paradigm Publishers.
- Anderson, E. (2010). The imperative of integration. Princeton University Press.
- Apple, M. (2006). Educating the “right” way: Markets, standards, god, and inequality (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Ball, S. (2003). Class strategies and the education market: The middle classes and social advantage. RoutledgeFalmer.
- Bhattacharyya, G. (2018). Rethinking racial capitalism: Questions of reproduction and survival. Rowman & Littlefield International.
- Bloom, J. (2016). Black against empire: The history and politics of the Black Panther Party (1st ed., with a new preface). University of California Press.
- Blum, L. (2001). The promise of racial integration in a multicultural age. In S. Macedo & Y. Tamir (Eds.), Moral and political education: NOMOS XLIII (pp. 383–424). NYU Press.
- Blum, L., & Burkholder, Z. (2021). Integrations: The struggle for racial equality and civic renewal in public education. University of Chicago Press.
- Bohman, J. (2000a). Public deliberation: Pluralism, complexity, and democracy. MIT Press.
- Bohman, J. (2000b). “When water chokes”: Ideology, communication, and practical rationality. Constellations, 7(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00195
- Brown, W. (2008). Regulating aversion: Tolerance in the age of identity and empire. Princeton University Press.
- Bush, R. (2000). We are not what we seem: Black nationalism and class struggle in the American century (Rev. ed.). NYU Press.
- Carmichael, S. (1966). Black power. BlackPast.
- Cucchiara, M. B. (2013). Marketing schools, marketing cities: Who wins and who loses when schools become urban amenities. University of Chicago Press.
- Darby, D. (2009). Rights, race, and recognition. Cambridge University Press.
- Darby, D., & Rury, J. L. (2018). The color of mind: Why the origins of the achievement gap matter for justice. University of Chicago Press.
- Dawson, M. C. (2003). Black visions: The roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies. University of Chicago Press.
- Dawson, M. C. (2011). Not in our lifetimes: The future of Black politics. University of Chicago Press.
- Deranty, J.-P., Petherbridge, D., & Rundell, J. (2007). Recognition, work, politics: New directions in French critical theory. Brill.
- Eyerman, R. (2001). Cultural trauma slavery and the formation of African American identity. Cambridge University Press.
- Fishkin, J. (2014). Bottlenecks: A new theory of equal opportunity. Oxford University Press.
- Forst, R. (2002). Contexts of justice: Political philosophy beyond liberalism and communitarianism. University of California Press.
- Forst, R. (2011). The right to justification: Elements of a constructivist theory of justice (J. Flynn, Trans.). Columbia University Press.
- Forst, R. (2014). Justification and critique: Towards a critical theory of politics (C. Cronin, Trans.). Polity Press.
- Fraser, N. (1997). Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition. Routlege.
- Fraser, N., & Jaeggi, R. (2018). Capitalism: A conversation in critical theory. Polity.
- Fung, A. (2003). Recipes for public spheres: Eight institutional design choices and their consequences. Journal of Political Philosophy, 11(3), 338–67.
- Fung, A. (2006). "Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance. Public Administration Review.
- Fung, A. (2015). Putting the public back into governance: The challenges of citizen participation and its future. Public Administration Review, 75(4), 513–522.
- Geuss, R. (1981). The idea of a critical theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School. Cambridge University Press.
- Green, T. F., Ericson, D. P., & Seidman, R. M. (1980). Predicting the behavior of the educational system. Syracuse University Press.
- Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
- Harris-Lacewell, M. V. (2006). Barbershops, bibles, and BET: Everyday talk and Black political thought. Princeton University Press.
- Haslanger, S. (2021). Reproducing social hierarchy (or not!). Philosophy of Education Society, 77(2), 185–222.
- Hedrick, T. (2010). Rawls and Habermas: Reason, pluralism, and the claims of political philosophy. Stanford University Press.
- Joseph, P. E. (2007). Waiting ’til the midnight hour: A narrative history of Black power in America. Holt Paperbacks.
- Knight, J., & Johnson, J. (2011). The priority of democracy: Political consequences of pragmatism. Princeton University Press.
- Kotz, D. M. (2015). The rise and fall of neoliberal capitalism. Harvard University Press.
- Labaree, D. (1997). Public goods, private goods: The American struggle over educational goals. American Educational Research Journal, 34. https://doi.org/10.2307/1163342
- Laclau, E. (2007). On populist reason. Verso.
- Larrain, J. (1979). The concept of ideology. University of Georgia Press.
- Laden, A. S. (2012). Reasoning: A social picture. Oxford University Press.
- McCartney, J. (1993). Black power ideologies: An essay in African-American political thought. Temple University Press.
- Meckstroth, C. (2015). The struggle for democracy: Paradoxes of progress and the politics of change. Oxford University Press.
- Morrison, P. (2014, May 6). Angela Y. Davis on what’s radical in the 21st century. LA Times. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-morrison-davis-20140507-column.html
- Outlaw, L. T., Jr. (2005). Critical social theory in the interests of Black folks. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Posey-Maddox, L. (2014). When middle-class parents choose urban schools: Class, race, and the challenge of equity in public education. University of Chicago Press.
- Rollock, N., Gillborn, D., Vincent, C., & Ball, S. J. (2014). The colour of class: The educational strategies of the Black middle classes. Routledge.
- Rostboll, C. F. (2009). Deliberative freedom: Deliberative democracy as critical theory. State University of New York Press.
- Sayer, A. (2005). The moral significance of class. Cambridge University Press.
- Shelby, T. (2005). We who are dark: The philosophical foundations of Black solidarity. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- Shelby, T. (2014). Integration, inequality, and imperatives of justice: A review essay. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 42(3), 253–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12034
- Stanley, S. A. (2017). An impossible dream?: Racial integration in the United States. Oxford University Press.
- Thompson, J. B. (1990). Ideology and modern culture: Critical social theory in the era of mass communication. Polity.
- Tilly, C. (1999). Durable inequality. University of California Press.
- Traverso, E. (2017). Left-wing melancholia: Marxism, history, and memory (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia University Press.
- Warren, M. (2000). Democracy and association. Princeton University Press.
- Wheeler-Bell, Q. (2018). Broken glass: The social evil of urban poverty and a critical education. Educational Policy, 0895904818755467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904818755467
- Wheeler-Bell, Q. (2021). Educating to Challenge Ideology: A Brief Critical Approach. Philosophy of Education Society, 77(2), 223–231.
- Wheeler-Bell, Q. (2022a). Black support of neoliberal school choice and the politics of Black democratic empowerment. Educational Theory, 72(2), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12528
- Wheeler-Bell, Q. (2022b). Racial domination in education. In R. Curren (Ed.), Handbook of Philosophy of Education. Routledge.
- White, S. K. (2017). A democratic bearing: Admirable citizens, uneven injustice, and critical theory. Cambridge University Press.
- Winant, H. (2002). The world is a ghetto: Race and democracy since World War II. Basic Books.
- Wright, E. O. (2015). Understanding class. Verso.
- Young, I. M. (2011). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton University Press.
- Zizek, S. (2011). Did somebody say totalitarianism?: Five interventions in the (mis) use of a notion. Verso.
- X, M. (n.d.-a). Remembering Malcom X: Rare interviews and audio. https://www.wnyc.org/story/87636-remembering-malcolm-x-rare-interviews-and-audio
- X, M. (n.d.-b). The race problem. https://www.azquotes.com/author/9322-Malcolm_X/tag/separation#:~:text=If%20integration%20will%20get%20,problem%20is%20still%20not%20solved