Abstracts
Résumé
Tous les chiens modernes seraient issus de la domestication des loups qui remonterait à environ 15 000 ans et proviendraient d’un nombre limité de loups femelles d’Asie orientale. Par des pratiques intensives de sélections et de croisements consanguins, l’homme a créé plus de 350 races ; si chacune représente un véritable isolat génétique, elles offrent, toutes réunies, un ensemble inégalé de polymorphismes. Cette revue recense les raisons faisant du chien un modèle irremplaçable. À l’inverse des modèles classiques utilisés pour l’analyse de la fonction des gènes, le chien offre en effet, avec ses très nombreuses races, une opportunité unique pour l’étude des allèles. Cet article présente également les données récentes obtenues dans la construction de cartes génomiques et dans le programme de séquençage du génome du chien, financé par le National Institute of Health (NIH), et rapporte que, parallèlement au séquençage, une analyse du polymorphisme génétique est indispensable pour profiter au mieux des avantages de ce modèle.
Summary
Up to recently, studies on dog genetics were rather scare notwithstanding the enormous potential that the canine model can offer in the study of the genotype/phenotype relationship and the analysis of the causes of many genetic diseases, with simple or complex inheritance, that affect dogs but also the human population. This potentiality is essentially due to the natural history of dogs whose domestication from wolves dated back 15,000 years, at least. All modern dogs originated from a limited number of female wolves from Eastern Asia. By applying a combination of selections and strong inbreeding practices, humans have created over 350 breeds, each of them corresponding to a genetic isolate and altogether offering a unique panel of polymorphism never encountered in any other mammals. In this review we summarized what makes dogs an unavoidable model. Contrary to the classical models like the two yeasts, nematode, fish, fly, mouse, or rat mainly used to understand the function of genes, dog with the creation across the centuries of numerous breeds offers a unique opportunity to study the role of their alleles. We report recent data on the construction of genomic maps and on the sequencing program of the dog genome launched by the National Institute of Health (NIH). To take fully advantage of the canine model, we advocate for the systematic construction of a rich canine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) ressource to perform linkage desiquilibrium studies of normal or pathological traits as well as to get insight into the genetic diversity of the canine species.
Appendices
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