Abstracts
Résumé
L’incidence du cancer de la prostate, cancer le plus fréquent après l’âge de 50 ans, varie selon les pays. Les seuls facteurs de risque identifiés avec certitude sont l’origine ethnique et les antécédents familiaux d’un cancer du même type. Les formes familiales sont observées dans environ 20 % des cas, et une transmission héréditaire est retrouvée dans 5 % des cas. Six locus de prédisposition sont connus, mais d’autres restent à identifier. L’hétérogénéité génétique de la prédisposition au cancer de la prostate est associée à la diversité de l’origine ethnogéographique des familles. Dans certaines formes familiales, l’association d’un cancer de la prostate à un autre type de cancer suggère l’existence de gènes de prédisposition communs. Les autres formes familiales et sporadiques impliqueraient un mode d’hérédité polygénique ou multifactoriel. Ainsi, certains polymorphismes génétiques ont été associés à un risque individuel accru de cancers de la prostate et pourraient expliquer les importantes variations d’incidence.
Summary
Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor among men over 50 years old. Its incidence varies according to countries and ethnic group. Known risk factors are race and positive family history of the disease. Familial aggregation (at least 2 cases in the family) is observed in about 20 % of cases and an hereditary form of prostate cancer in 5 %. This proportion increases with younger age at diagnosis. Six putative loci are already identified but undoubtedly, others will be found in forthcoming studies. The genetic heterogeneity observed in hereditary prostate cancer reflects variety of origins of the studied families. In some families, agreggation of prostate cancer and other cancers suggests the involvement of common predisposing genes. In other familial and in sporadic cases, the genetic component should be polygenic : prostate cancer wouldn’t result to segregation of a major gene mutations transmitted according to a monogenic inheritance, but rather to sharing of alleles at many loci, each contributing to a small increase in cancer risk. Indeed, several genetic polymorphism were associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer and could explain the variations of prostate cancer incidence observed between populations.
Appendices
Références
- 1. http://www-dep.iarc.fr, 2000.
- 2. Labrie F, Candas B, Dupont A, et al. Screening decreases prostate cancer death : First analysis of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial. Prostate 1999 ; 38 : 83-91.
- 3. Cussenot O, Valeri A. Heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. Eur J Intern Med 2001 ; 12 : 11-6.
- 4. Cussenot O, Fournier G. Génétique et urologie. Paris : les Éditions Vingt et un. Progrès en Urologie 2000 : 417p.
- 5. Morganti G, Gianferrari L, Cresseri A, et al. Recherches clinico-statistiques et génétiques sur les néoplasies de la prostate. Acta Genet Stat Med 1956 ; 6 : 304-5.
- 6. Grönberg H, Damber L, Damber JE. Studies of genetic factors in prostate cancer in twin population. J Urol 1994 ; 152 : 1484-9.
- 7. Schaid DJ, McDonnell SK, Blute ML, et al. Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance of prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 1998 ; 62 : 1425-38.
- 8. Carter BS, Beaty TH, Steinberg GD, et al. Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992 ; 89 : 3367-71.
- 9. Xu J and the International consortium for prostate cancer genetics. Combined analysis of hereditary prostate cancer linkage to 1q24-25 : results from 772 hereditary prostate cancer families from the International consortium for prostate cancer genetics. Am J Hum Genet 2000 ; 66 : 945-57.
- 10. Berthon P, Valeri A, Cohen-Akenine A, et al. Predisposing gene for early-onset prostate cancer, localized on chromosome 1q42.2-43. Am J Hum Genet 1998 ; 62 : 1416-24.
- 11. Cancel-Tassin G, Latil A, Valeri A, et al. PCAP is the major known prostate cancer predisposing locus in families from south and west Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 2001 ; 9 : 135-42.
- 12. Karayi MK, Neal DE, Markham AF. Current status of linkage studies in hereditary prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000 ; 86 : 659-69.
- 13. Valeri A, Azzouzi R, Drelon E, et al. Early-onset hereditary prostate cancer is not associated with specific clinical biological features. Prostate 2000 ; 45 : 66-71.
- 14. Goode EL, Stanford JL, Peters MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of prostate cancer in an analysis of linkage to four putative susceptibility loci. Clin Cancer Res 2001 ; 7 : 2739-49.
- 15. Bratt O. Hereditary prostate cancer : Clinical aspects. J Urol 2002 ; 168 : 906-13.
- 16. Valeri A, Fournier G, Morin V, et al. Early onset and familial predisposition to prostate cancer significantly enhance the probability for breast cancer in first degree relatives. Int J Cancer 2000 ; 86 : 883-7.
- 17. Edwards SM, Kote-Jarai Z, Meitz J, et al. Two percent of men with early-onset prostate cancer harbor germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2003 ; 72 : 1-12.
- 18. Gayther SA, de Foy KA, Harrington P, et al. The frequency of germ-line mutations in the breast cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in familial prostate cancer. The cancer research campaign/British prostate group united kingdom familial prostate cancer study collaborators. Cancer Res 2000 ; 60 : 4513-8.
- 19. Jonsson BA, Bergh A, Stattin P, et al. Germline mutations in E-cadherin do not explain association of hereditary prostate cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2002 ; 98 : 838-43.
- 20. Ross RK, Pike MC, Coetzee GA, et al. Androgen metabolism and prostate cancer : Establishing a model of genetic susceptibility. Cancer Res 1998 ; 58 : 4497-504.
- 21. Bosland MC. The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2000 ; 27 : 39-66.
- 22. Irvine RA, Yu MC, Ross RK, et al. The CAG and GGC microsatellites of the androgen receptor gene are in linkage disequilibrium in men with prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995 ; 55 : 1937-40.
- 23. Edwards A, Hammond HA, Jin L, et al. Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics 1992 ; 12 : 241-53.
- 24. Rebbeck TR, Jaffe JM, Walker AH, et al. Modification of clinical presentation of prostate tumors by a novel genetic variant in CYP3A4. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 ; 90 : 1225-9.
- 25. Lunn RM, Bell DA, Mohler JL, et al. Prostate cancer risk and polymorphism in 17 hydroxylase (CYP17) and steroid reductase (SRD5A2). Carcinogenesis 1999 ; 20 : 1727-31.
- 26. Chang BL, Zheng SL, Hawkins GA, et al. Joint effect of HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes is associated with hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res 2002 ; 62 : 1784-9
- 27. Latil A, Azzouzi R, Cancel G, et al. Prostate carcinoma risk and allelic variants of genes involved in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. Cancer 2001 ; 92 : 1130-7.
- 28. Cancel-Tassin G, Latil A, Rousseau F, et al. Association study of polymorphisms in the human estrogen receptor alpha gene and prostate cancer risk. Eur Urol 2003 ; 44 : 487-90.
- 29. Tang YM, Green BL, Chen GF, et al. Human CYP1B1 Leu432Val gene polymorphism : ethnic distribution in African-Americans, Caucasians and Chinese ; oestradiol hydroxylase activity ; and distribution in prostate cancer cases and controls. Pharmacogenetics 2000 ; 10 : 761-6.
- 30. Correa-Cerro L, Berthon P, Haussler J, et al. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms as markers in prostate cancer. Human Genet 1999 ; 105 : 281-7.
- 31. Reszka E, Wasowicz W. Genetic polymorphism of N-acetyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase related to neoplasm of genitourinary system. Neoplasma 2002 ; 49 : 209-16.
- 32. Simard J, Dumont M, Soucy P, et al. Perspective : prostate cancer susceptibility genes. Endocrinology2002 ; 143 : 2029-40.
- 33. Nwosu V, Carpten J, Trent JM, et al. Heterogeneity of genetic alterations in prostate cancer : Evidence of the complex nature of the disease. Hum Mol Genet 2001 ; 10 : 2313-8.
- 34. Valeri A, Cormier L, Moineau MP, et al. Targeted screening for prostate cancer in high risk families : Early onset is a significant risk factor for disease in first degree relatives. J Urol 2002 ; 168 : 483-7.
- 35. Novelli G, Margiotti K, Sangiuolo F, et al. Pharmacogenetics of human androgens and prostatic diseases. Pharmacogenomics 2001 ; 2 : 65-72.