Abstracts
Résumé
L’entrée en mitose des cellules eucaryotes est accompagnée de profondes modifications de leur organisation. L’étude de systèmes cellulaires modèles, ovocytes ou levures, a permis d’établir que l’activation des protéine kinases cycline B-cdc2 est nécessaire et apparemment suffisante pour le déclenchement de la mitose. Toutefois, les mécanismes responsables de l’activation de ces kinases dans les cellules somatiques des eucaryotes supérieurs restent très mal connus. Dans cet article, nous analysons les mécanismes possibles et montrons qu’un processus d’évolution vers la mitose, d’abord réversible, puis irréversible, est mis en route après achèvement de la duplication des chromosomes et des centrosomes. L’activation des kinases cycline B-cdc2 marque la limite entre ces deux phases. Avant cette limite, des mécanismes de surveillance, activés par divers signaux résultant d’anomalies structurales de la cellule, permettent de retarder ou de supprimer l’entrée en mitose.
Summary
Dramatic changes of cell organisation occur at onset of mitosis. Genetic analysis of fission yeast and physiological studies of vertebrate and invertebrate oocytes showed that activation of cyclin B-cdc2 kinase triggers mitosis. Nevertheless, upstream mechanisms responsible for this activation remain largely unknown in somatic cells of higher eukaryotes. This review discusses possible pathways and mechanisms involved in triggering onset of mitosis in such cells, including inhibitory checkpoint mechanisms that detect defects in structural organisation of the cell.
Appendices
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