Abstracts
Résumé
L’OMS décrit l’allaitement maternel comme « le moyen normal de fournir aux nourrissons les nutriments dont ils ont besoin pour une croissance saine » et recommande l’allaitement au sein exclusivement et à la demande pendant les six premiers mois de l’enfant. Ces recommandations portant sur l’alimentation du nourrisson s’inscrivent dans un paradigme de santé spécifique qui responsabilise les individus et met l’accent sur la prévention des risques, un paradigme qui rejoint également l’idée du déterminisme parental. Les recherches menées dans les pays anglo-saxons montrent que l’allaitement est devenu un impératif moral pour les mères, souvent lié à une idéologie du maternage intensif. Le but de cet article est double. Nous examinerons d’abord si la norme de l’allaitement est dominante en Espagne. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analyserons les écarts à la norme et verrons de quelle manière ces écarts sont justifiés et vécus par les mères. Notre étude se fonde sur des entretiens qualitatifs menés auprès de 56 mères espagnoles en couple hétérosexuel, où les deux partenaires sont actifs sur le marché du travail, lesquelles ont été interrogées avant et après la naissance de leur premier enfant. Les entretiens avec ces femmes montrent que l’allaitement au sein est en effet perçu comme l’idéal pour les bébés, mais que les mères qui s’écartent de la norme utilisent des logiques de justification diverses, dont certaines remettent en question les principes du maternage intensif.
Mots-clés :
- allaitement,
- maternité,
- parentalité,
- entretiens,
- Espagne
Abstract
The WHO describes breastfeeding as “the normal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth” and recommends breastfeeding exclusively on demand for the first six months of the baby. These recommendations on infant feeding are part of a specific health paradigm, which attributes responsibility for health to individuals and emphasizes risk prevention, a paradigm which also joins the idea of parental determinism. Research carried out in Anglo-Saxon countries shows that breastfeeding has become a moral imperative for mothers, and often linked to an ideology of intensive mothering. The aim of this article is twofold: We will first examine whether the standard of breastfeeding is dominant in Spain. Next, we will analyse deviations from the norm and how these deviations are justified and experienced by mothers. Our study is based on qualitative interviews with 56 Spanish mothers in heterosexual couples where the two partners are active in the labour market, interviewed before and after the birth of their first child. Interviews with these women show that breastfeeding is indeed perceived as ideal for babies, but mothers who deviate from the norm use various rationales, some of which question the principles of intensive motherhood.
Keywords:
- breastfeeding,
- motherhood,
- parenting,
- interviews,
- Spain
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Avishai, Orit. 2007. « Managing the Lactating Body: The Breastfeeding Project and Privileged Motherhood », Qualitative Sociology, 30, 2 : 135-156.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bagci Bosi, Ayse Tulay, Kamilla Gehrt Eriksen, Tanja Sobko, Trudy M.A. Wijnhoven et João Breda. 2016. « Breastfeeding Practices and Policies in WHO European Region Member States », Public Health and Nutrition, 19, 4 : 753-764.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Blum, Linda M. 1999. At the Breast: Ideologies of Breastfeeding and Motherhood in the Contemporary United States. Boston, Beacon Books.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Carter, Shannon et Amanda Koontz Anthony. 2015. « Good, Bad, and Extraordinary Mothers: Infant Feeding and Mothering in African-American Mothers’ Breastfeeding Narratives », Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1, 4 : 517-531.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Faircloth, Charlotte. 2010. « If They Want To Risk the Health and Well-Being of Their Child, That’s Up to Them’: Long-Term Breastfeeding, Risk and Maternal Identity », Health, Risk, and Society, 12, 4 : 357-367.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Furedi, Frank. 2001. Paranoid Parenting: Abandon your Anxieties and be a Good Parent. Londres, Allen Lane.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gojard, Séverine. 2010. Le métier de mère. Paris, La Dispute.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hays, Sharon. 1996. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. New Haven, Yale University Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Horta, Bernardo L. et Cesar G. Victora. 2013. Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review, World Health Organisation.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Knaak, Stephanie. 2010. « Contextualising Risk, Constructing Choice: Breastfeeding and Good Mothering in Risk Society », Health, Risk, and Society, 12, 4 : 345-355.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lee, Ellie. 2007. « Health, Morality, and Infant Feeding: British Mothers’ Experiences of Formula Milk Use in the Early Weeks », Sociology of Health and Illness, 29, 7 : 1075-1090.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lee, Ellie J. 2011. « Breastfeeding Advocacy, Risk Society and Health Moralism: A Decade’s Scholarship », Sociology Compass, 5, 12 : 1058-1069.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Martin, Claude (dir.). 2014. Être un bon parent : une injonction contemporaine ? Rennes, Presses de l’EHESP.10.3917/ehesp.mart.2014.01 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Meedya, Shahla, Kathleen Fahy et Ashley Kable. 2010. « Factors That Positively Influence Breastfeeding Duration to 6 Months: A Literature Review », Women and Birth, 23, 4 : 135-145.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Murphy, Elizabeth. 1999. « "Breast is Best": Infant Feeding Decisions and Maternal Deviance », Sociology of Health and Illness, 21, 2 : 187-208.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Murphy, Elizabeth. 2000. « Risk, Responsibility, and Rhetoric in Infant Feeding », Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 29, 3 : 291-325.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nettleton, Sarah. 1996. « Women and the New Paradigm of Health and Medicine », Critical Social Policy, 16, 48 : 33-53.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wall, Glenda. 2001. « Moral Constructions of Mothers’ Breastfeeding Discourse », Gender & Society, 15, 4 : 592-610.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wolf, Joan B. 2013. Is Breast Best? Taking on the Breastfeeding Experts and the New High Stakes of Motherhood. New York, New York University Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
