Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article examine comment les transformations des idéaux de parentalité ont modifié les services d’aide à l’enfance en Hongrie au cours des dix dernières années. Plus particulièrement, il se penche sur l’influence du déterminisme parental et de la parentalité intensive sur les pratiques quotidiennes des travailleurs sociaux. Jusqu’à récemment, les services d’aide à l’enfance ciblaient principalement les familles pauvres et peu éduquées (le plus souvent d’origine rom) en évaluant la satisfaction des besoins matériels des enfants. À partir d’une recherche ethnographique, cette étude montre l’influence qu’exerce une nouvelle culture de la parentalité sur la façon dont les travailleurs sociaux évaluent les compétences parentales, sur les raisons justifiant les procédures de retrait d’enfants et, enfin, sur les relations que les travailleurs sociaux entretiennent avec les parents de milieux sociaux différents. Nous défendons l’hypothèse selon laquelle ces décisions sont fortement influencées par des idéaux de « bonne » enfance et d’enfance « optimale », des normes dominantes de parentalité, des conceptions sur ce qu’est un « bon » parent et des notions de mérite. Alors qu’auparavant la négligence était essentiellement évaluée d’un point de vue matériel, l’accent est mis désormais sur la présence d’un lien émotionnel fort dans la relation parent-enfant. Toutefois, comme cette recherche le démontre, il s’agit là de notions extrêmement subjectives et fluctuantes, qui servent le plus souvent à renforcer des convictions personnelles, ainsi que des valeurs dominantes sur la parentalité, le mérite et l’appartenance sociale.
Mots-clés :
- aide à l’enfance,
- protection de la jeunesse,
- parentalité intensive,
- travailleurs sociaux,
- Hongrie
Abstract
The current paper examines how transforming ideals of parenting have changed child welfare services in Hungary during the past decade or so. More specifically, it uncovers the ways parental determinism and intensive parenting have influenced caseworkers’ everyday practices as well as their relation to parents of different social and ethnic background. Until recently, child welfare services particularly focused on poor, uneducated (often Roma) families and assessed the fulfilment of material needs of children. Based on a year-long ethnographic research, the paper shows how the new parenting culture have changed caseworkers’ assessment of parental competence, the explanations for initiating child removals and ultimately their relations to parents of different social background. I argue that these decisions are largely influenced by ideals of “good/optimal” childhood, dominant parenting norms, conceptions about who are “good” parents, and dominant ideas of deservedness. While earlier neglect was assessed mostly in material terms, currently a strong emotional parent-child relationship is promoted. However, as my research shows, these are extremely subjective and fluid notions that are often used to reinforce personal convictions and dominant values about parenting, deservedness and social belonging.
Keywords:
- child welfare,
- child protection,
- intensive parenting,
- caseworkers,
- Hungary
Appendices
Bibliographie
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