Abstracts
Résumé
Le modèle de l’écosystème créatif de Cohendet, Grandadam et Simon (2011) montre que les idées créatives peuvent circuler entre l’underground et l’upperground grâce au middleground. Ceci est rendu possible au travers de l’activation de quatre mécanismes spécifiques : les lieux, les espaces, les événements et les projets. Pourtant, peu de travaux empiriques explicitent les processus permettant leur activation. Nous explorons le rôle joué par les activités entrepreneuriales en insistant sur leurs apports en termes d’intermédiation. Nous développons notre argumentation au travers de l’étude d’un écosystème créatif de l’industrie de la musique, celui du krautrock, un courant musical ayant joué un rôle essentiel dans l’évolution esthétique des musiques actuelles depuis la fin des années soixante-dix. Une enquête qualitative sur des données historiques montre que ces activités entrepreneuriales (fondation de labels, ouverture de lieux de répétition, d’enregistrement et de concerts ou organisation de festival), jouent un rôle d’intermédiation prenant différentes formes suivant le type de mécanisme activé et qu’elles peuvent varier au fil du temps.
Mots-clés:
- Entrepreneur,
- Industries culturelles et créatives,
- Intermédiation,
- Effectuation,
- Causation
Abstract
The model of the creative ecosystem (Cohendet, Grandadam et Simon, 2011) shows that creative ideas can circulation between the underground and the upperground through the middleground. This is made possible through the activation of specific mechanisms, places, spaces, events and projects. However, the issue of the processes involved in their activation has been, so far, understudied. This article highlights the role of entrepreneurial activities in this activation. Our argument relies on the case of krautrock, a musical genre that has played a major role for the evolution of modern popular music from the end of the 1970’s on. We argue that entrepreneurial activities, which consist in the settling of labels, as well as of rehearsal, recording and concert places, or in organizing festivals, embed an intermediation feature facilitating the circulation and diffusion of creative ideas. Furthermore, we show that this intermediation function takes different forms depending on the mechanism at stake and with the evolution of the ecosystem.
Keywords:
- Entrepreneur,
- Cultural and creative industries,
- Intermediation,
- Effectuation,
- Causation
Resumen
El modelo de ecosistema creativo de Cohendet, Grandadam et Simon (2011) muestra que las ideas creativas pueden fluir entre el subsuelo y la parte superior a través de la parte media. Esto es posible gracias a la activación de cuatro mecanismos específicos : lugares, espacios, eventos y proyectos. Sin embargo, pocos trabajos empíricos explican los procesos que permiten su activación. Exploramos el papel que desempeñan las actividades empresariales insistiendo en sus contribuciones en términos de intermediación. Desarrollamos nuestro argumento a través del estudio de un ecosistema creativo en la industria de la música, el del krautrock, una corriente musical que ha jugado un papel esencial en la evolución estética de la música contemporánea desde finales de los años 70. Un estudio cualitativo de los datos históricos muestra que esas actividades empresariales (por ejemplo, la fundación de sellos discográficos, la apertura de locales de ensayo, grabación y conciertos o la organización de festivales), desempeñan una función de intermediación que adopta diferentes formas según el tipo de mecanismo activado y que pueden variar a lo largo del tiempo.
Palabras clave:
- Empresario,
- Industrias culturales y creativas,
- Intermediación,
- Efectuación,
- Causación
Appendices
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