Abstracts
Résumé
Malgré leur importance numérique et le rôle qui leur est dévolu dans le cadre de la stratégie de promotion du secteur privé en Tunisie, les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) ne répondent pas aux exigences des banques afin de satisfaire leur besoin de financement. L’estimation du tout premier modèle de déséquilibre appliquée à la Tunisie repose sur un panel de 1 275 PME observées entre 2001 et 2006. Il montre que la demande de crédit bancaire n’est pas déterminée par les facteurs « endogènes », tels le niveau d’activité et les ressources internes disponibles des entreprises, mais plutôt par des facteurs « exogènes », tels le coût de financement et les garanties exigées par les banques. Les exigences des banques, surtout en matière de garanties, expliquent en grande partie l’insuffisance des concours octroyés par rapport aux besoins exprimés et se traduisent par une proportion moyenne d’environ 80 % de ces entreprises qui sont - partiellement ou totalement - rationnées.
Mots-clés :
- PME,
- Rationnement de crédit,
- Modèle de déséquilibre,
- Données de panel,
- Tunisie
Abstract
Despite their numerical importance and the role they are assigned in the promotion of the private sector, Tunisian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) fail to fulfill the requirements of banks in order to meet their financing needs. The estimation of the very first disequilibrium model applied to Tunisia is based on a panel data set of 1 275 Tunisian SMEs observed between 2001 and 2006. It shows that the demand for bank credit is not determined by « endogenous » factors such as the activity level and internal available resources of SMEs, but rather by « exogenous » factors such as the cost of financing and guarantees required by banks. The requirements of banks especially regarding real guarantees explain to a large extent the lack of bank lending as compared to the needs expressed, and results in an average share of 80 % - partially or totally - credit rationed SMEs.
Keywords:
- SMEs,
- Credit rationing,
- Disequilibrium model,
- Panel data,
- Tunisia
Resumen
A pesar de su importancia numérica y el papel que se les asigna en la promoción del sector privado, las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PyMEs) tunecinas no cumple con los requisitos de los bancos con el fin de satisfacer sus necesidades de financiación. La primera estimación del modelo de desequilibrio aplicada a Túnez se basa en un panel de datos de 1 275 PyME tunecinas observadas entre 2001 y 2006. Esto demuestra que la demanda de crédito bancario no está determinada por factores « endógenos », tales como el nivel de actividad interna y los recursos disponibles de las PyMEs, sino más bien por factores « exógenos », como el coste de la financiación y las garantías exigidas por los bancos. Los requisitos de los bancos, especialmente con respecto a las garantías reales explican en gran medida la falta de crédito bancario en comparación con las necesidades expresadas, y resulta en una cuota media del 80% PyMEs - parcial o totalmente - afectada por crédito racionado.
Palabras clave:
- PyMEs,
- Racionamiento del crédito,
- Modelo de desequilibrio,
- Datos de panel,
- Tunez
Appendices
Bibliographie
-
Abbate F. (2002), L’intégration de la Tunisie dans l’économie mondiale : opportunités et défis, Conférence des Nations unies sur le commerce et le développement : programme Nations unies sur le développement, 198.10.1111/1540-6261.00567 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Adair P. et Fhima F. (2009), Accès au crédit et promotion des PME en Tunisie, Euro-Mediterranean Economics and Finance Review, 4, 3, 26-52.10.1016/S0378-4266(03)00037-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Anderson R. et ReebD. (2003), Founding-family ownership and firm performance : evidence from the SetP 500, Journal of Finance, 58, 3, 1301-1327.10.1111/1540-6261.00567 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Atanasova C.V. et Wilson N. (2004), Disequilibrium in the UK corporate loan market, Journal of Banking and Finance, 28, 3, 595-614.10.1016/S0378-4266(03)00037-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Baas T. et Schrooten M. (2006), Relationship banking and SMEs : a theoretical analysis, Small Business Economics, 27, 2-3, 127-137.10.1007/s11187-006-0018-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Beck T. et Demirgüç-KuntA. (2006), Small and medium-size enterprises : access to finance as a growth constraint, Journal of Banking et Finance, 30, 11, 2931-2943.10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.009 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Beck T., Demirgüç-Kunt A. et Maksimovic V. (2008), Financing patterns around the world : the role of institutions, Journal of Financial Economics, 89, 3, 467-487.10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.10.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bellouma M., Bennaceur S. et Omri A. (2009), The impact of lending relationship on risk premium and credit availability : evidence from Tunisia, Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 1, 3, 235-250.10.1504/AAJFA.2009.024300 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ben Hamad S. (2004), Décisions financières et comportement financier global des PME tunisiennes : essai de modélisation, Thèse de sciences de gestion, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunisie.10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00038-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ben Hassine M. (2006), Contraintes financières et comportement d’investissement de la firme, Colloque international : financement des entreprises et stratégie de développement dans les PED, Sousse, Tunisie, 3-4 mars.10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.008 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ben Jelili R. (2005), Technical progress and investment in tunisian manufacturing firm : evidence from firm level panel data, Journal of Development and Economic Policies, 7, 2, 7-51.10.1006/jfin.2000.0282 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Berger A.N., KlapperL.F. et Udell G.F. (2001), The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small businesses, Journal of Banking and Finance, 25, 12, 2127-2167.10.1016/S0378-4266(01)00189-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Berger A.N. et Udell G.F. (1995), Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance, Journal of Business, 68, 3, 351-381.10.1086/296668 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Berger A.N. et Udell G. F. (1998), The economics of small business finance : the roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle, Journal of Banking et Finance, 22, 6-8, 613-673.10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00038-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Berger A.N. et Udell G.F. (2006), A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance, Journal of Banking et Finance, 30, 11, 2945-2966.10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.008 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bester H. (1985), Screening vs. rationing in credit markets with imperfect information, American Economic Review, 75, 4, 850-855.10.2307/2297430 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Boot A.W.A. (2000), Relationship banking : What do we know ?, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9, 1, 7-25.10.1006/jfin.2000.0282 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Boot A.W.A., Thakor A.V. et Udell G.F. (1991), Secured lending and default risk : equilibrium analysis, policy implications and empirical results, Economic Journal, 101, 406, 458-472.10.2307/2233552 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bouabidi M. et Rajhi M.T. (2008), SME credit rationing : the case of Tunisia, International Journal of Business and Globalization, 2, 2, 183-197.10.1504/IJBG.2008.016626 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bouabidi M. et Rajhi M.T. (2009), Les effets de la physionomie du système financier sur le rationnement des PME, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22, 2, 175-190.10.1080/08276331.2009.10593449 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Casero P.A. et Varoudakis A. (2004), Growth, private investment, and the cost of doing business in Tunisia : a comparative perspective, dans MENA, Social and Economic Development Group, Washington D.C., USA, The World Bank, 31 p.10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00061-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Chakraborty A. et HuC.X. (2006), Lending relationships in line-of-credit and nonline-of-credit loans : evidence from collateral use in small business, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 15, 1, 86-107.10.1016/j.jfi.2005.07.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Chekili S. et Saidane D. (1995), La dimension bancaire et financière : facteur d’efficacité de l’entreprise en Afrique, dans Les facteurs de performance de l’entreprise, Paris, Éditions John Libbey Eurotext, 81-95.10.2307/1991027 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cieply S. et Paranque B. (1998), Le rationnement des PME sur le marché de crédit : mythe ou réalité ?, Revue Banque et Marchés, 33, mars-avril, 5-17.10.1086/261921 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Diamond D.W. (1984), Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring, The Review of Economic Studies, 51, 3, 393-414.10.2307/2297430 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Djelassi M., Mazioud M. et Saidane D. (2010), Financement des investissements en Tunisie : le rôle des banques est-il important ?, Revue d’économie Financière, 97, 309-325.10.1016/j.ecosys.2007.02.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Dow J. et TrabelsiS. (2003), Tunisie : système bancaire et réglementation prudentielle, FitchRatings Banks, 39, 1703-1790.10.2307/2526169 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Elliehausen G.E. et Wolken J.D. (1993), The demand for trade credit : an investigation of motives for trade credit use by small businesses, Washington D.C., Board of governors of the federal reserve system, 19 p.10.1016/S1062-9769(00)00063-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fair R.C. et JaffeeD.M. (1972), Methods of estimation for markets in disequilibrium, Econometrica, 40, 3, 497-514.10.2307/1913181 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fazzari S., Hubbard R. et PetersenB. (1988), Financing constraints and corporate investment, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1, 141-195.10.2307/2534426 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fhima F., Adair P. et Ammous A. (2009), Déficit d’intégration bancaire des PME en Tunisie, Colloque international : financement du développement, leçons et perspectives pour une économie en mutation, Sfax, Tunisie, 13-14 mars.10.2307/1914067 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gersovitz M. (1980), On classification probabilities for the disequilibrium model, Journal of Econometrics, 14, 2, 239-246.10.1016/0304-4076(80)90093-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hamilton R. et Fox M.A. (1998), The financing preferences of small firm owners, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior et Research, 4, 3, 239-248.10.1108/13552559810235529 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Harhoff D. et KörtingT. (1998), Lending relationships in Germany – Empirical evidence from survey data, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 10-11, 1317-1353.10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00061-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Harris D.G. (1974a), Interest rate, non-price terms, and the allocation of bank credit, Southern Economic Journal, 40, 3, 428-433.10.2307/1056016 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Harris D.G. (1974b), Credit rationing at commercial banks, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 6, 2, 227-240.10.2307/1991027 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Holtz-Eakin D., Joulfaian D. et Rosen H.S. (1994), Sticking it out : entrepreneurial survival and liquidity constraints, Journal of Political Economy, 102, 1, 53-75.10.1086/261921 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hoshi T., Kashyap A. et Scharfstein D. (1991), Corporate structure, liquidity, and investment : evidence from Japanese industrial groups, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 1, 33-60.10.2307/2937905 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hurlin C. et Kierzenkowski R. (2007), Credit market disequilibrium in Poland can we find what we expect ? Non-stationarity and the short-side rule, Economic Systems, 31, 2, 157-183.10.1016/j.ecosys.2007.02.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Institut d’Économie Quantitative (2004), Les Cahiers de l’IEQ, http://www.ieq.nat.tn/upload/files/cahiers/cahiers_ITCEQ_num_18.pdf, consulté le 18 novembre 2013.10.1016/S0164-0704(98)00081-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ito T. et Ueda K. (1981), Tests of the equilibrium hypothesis in disequilibrium econometrics : an international comparison of credit rationing, International Economic Review, 22, 3, 691-708.10.2307/2526169 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Jaffee D. et Stiglitz J. (1990), Credit rationing, dans Handbook of monetary economics, B.M. Freedman et F.H. Hahn (dir.), Amsterdam, Elsevier, 837-888.10.1007/s11187-006-0017-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Jain N. (2001), Monitoring costs and trade credit, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 41, 1, 89-110.10.1016/S1062-9769(00)00063-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Jankowicz A.D. et Hirsch R.D. (1987), Intuition in small business lending decisions, Journal of Small Business Management, 25, 3, 45-52.10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb03916.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kaplan S.N. et ZingalesL. (2000), Investment-cash flow sensitivities are not valid measures of financing constraints, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 2, 707-712.10.1162/003355300554782 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kotey B. (2005), Goals, management practices and performance of family SMEs, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11, 1, 3-24.10.1108/13552550510580816 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Laffont J.J. et Garcia R. (1977), Disequilibrium econometrics for business loans, Econometrica, 45, 5, 1187-1204.10.2307/1914067 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
LeCornu M.R., McMahon R.G.P., Forsaith D.M. et Stanger A.M.J. (1996), The small enterprise financial objective function : an exploratory study, Journal of Small Business Management, 34, 3, 1-14.10.1111/0022-1082.00203 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Maddala G.S. (1983), Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics, New York, Cambridge University Press, 401 p.10.1017/CBO9780511810176 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Maddala G.S. et Nelson F.D. (1974), Maximum likelihood methods for models of markets in disequilibrium, Econometrica, 42, 6, 1003-1030.10.2307/1914215 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Manove M., Padilla J. et PaganoM. (2001), Collateral versus project screening : a model of lazy banks, RAND Journal of Economics, 32, 4, 726-744.10.2307/2696390 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Meyer L.H. (1998), The present and future roles of banks in small business finance, Journal of Banking et Finance, 22, 6-8, 1109-1116.10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00019-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Morris M.H., Miyasaki N.N., Watters C.E. et CoombesS.M. (2006), The dilemma of growth : understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs, Journal of Small Business Management, 44, 2, 221-244.10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Myers S.C. et Majluf N.S. (1984), Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have, Journal of Financial Economic, 13, 2, 187-221.10.1016/0304-405X(84)90023-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ogawa K. et Suzuki K. (2000), Demand for bank loans and investment under borrowing constraints : a panel study of Japanese firm data, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 14, 1, 1-21.10.1006/jjie.2000.0442 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Osteryoung J.S., Best R.J. et Nast D.A. (1992), On the size difference of small business, Cahier de recherchede l’Université de Floride Talllahassee, Floride.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Padilla A.J. et PaganoM. (1997), Endogenous communication among lenders and entrepreneurial incentives, Review of Financial Studies, 10, 1, 205-236.10.1093/rfs/10.1.205 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Perez S.J. (1998), Testing for credit rationing : an application of disequilibrium econometrics, Journal of macroeconomics, 20, 4, 721-739.10.1016/S0164-0704(98)00081-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Petersen M.A. et RajanR.J. (1994), Benefits of lending relationships : evidence from small business data, Journal of Finance, 49, 1, 3-37.10.1111/j.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Quandt R.E. (1988), The econometrics of disequilibrium, New York, Basil Blackwell, 320 p.10.3406/ecofi.2010.5407 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rodríguez-Rodríguez O.M. (2006), Trade credit in small and medium size firms : an application of the system estimator with panel data, Small Business Economic, 27, 2-3, 103-126.10.1007/s11187-006-0017-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Sealey C.W. (1979), Credit rationing in the commercial loan market : estimates of a structural model under conditions of disequilibrium, Journal of Finance, 34, 3, 689-702.10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02134.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Shen C.-H. (2002), Credit rationing for bad companies in bad years : evidence from bank loan transaction data, Journal of Finance and Economics, 7, 8, 261-278.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Smith J.K. (1987), Trade credit and informational asymmetry, Journal of Finance, 42, 4, 863-869.10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb03916.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Steijvers T. (2008), Existence of credit rationing for SMEs in the belgian corporate loan market, Working Paper Series, 37 p.10.1016/S1573-4498(05)80023-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Stiglitz J.E. et Weiss A. (1981), Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information, American Economic Review, 71, 3, 393-410.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
St-Pierre J. et Bahri M. (2011), The determinants of risk premium : the case of bank lines of credit granted to SMEs, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 16, 4, 459-476.10.1142/S108494671100194X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Trabelsi S. et Ries A. (2006), Causes major tunisian banks’ 2005 results and outlook for 2006 performance, special report, banks, Fitch Ratings, 21 décembre, 7 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Voordeckers W. et SteijversT. (2006), Business collateral and personal commitments in SME lending, Journal of Banking and Finance, 30, 11, 3067-3086.10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Whited T. et Wu G. (2006), Financial constraints risk, Review of Financial Studies, 19, 2, 531-559.10.1093/rfs/hhj012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wilner B.S. (2000), The exploitation of relationships in financial distress : the case of trade credit, Journal of Finance, 55, 1, 153-178.10.1111/0022-1082.00203 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Winker P. (1999), Causes and effects of financing constraints at the firm level, Small Business Economics, 12, 2, 169-181.10.1023/A:1008035826914 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Zambaldia F., Aranhab F., Lopesc H. et PolitiR. (2011), Credit granting to small firms : a brazilian case, Journal of Business Research, 64, 3, 309-315.10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.11.018 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
Webographie
- Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises (2006-2009), www.iace.tnGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Institut National de la Statistique (2012), www.ins.nat.tnGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Institut Tunisien de la Compétitivité et des Études Quantitatives (2012), www.ieq.nat.tn/fr/Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ocde (2007), Le financement des PME et des entrepreneurs, www.oecd.org/publications/synthesesGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- World banka, www.enterprisesurveys.orgGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- World bankb, www.econstats.com/wdi/wdiv_440.htmGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
