Abstracts
Résumé
Si, avant les années 1970, quelques chercheurs avaient réfléchi au rôle des PME dans nos économies, ce n’est qu’à partir des problèmes de fonctionnement des grandes entreprises, faisant suite aux crises pétrolières et la fin du fordisme de la décennie suivante, que de plus en plus de recherches ont été menées sur celles-ci. Ce fut d’abord des économistes qui ont remarqué leur place dans la reconversion économique de plusieurs petites régions. Puis des spécialistes en sciences de gestion, qui cherchaient à préciser leurs conditions de développement, ont constaté qu’elles étaient fort différentes des grandes entreprises et qu’il fallait construire des outils particuliers pour les étudier. Enfin, d’autres disciplines se sont intéressées à leurs particularités et à leur hétérogénéité pour mieux les comprendre.
On est donc parti de la théorie rationaliste et de celle des contrats des économistes assurant la cohérence économique pour tenir compte graduellement de l’apport des autres acteurs en amont et en aval dans le développement de ces firmes. Ensuite, avec l’aide des sociologues, on s’est arrêté, dans les dernières années, au rôle du milieu, du capital social et des réseaux et ainsi, du niveau d’encastrement des PME dans leur région, pour expliquer leur multiplication ou leur décroissance. On est donc passé d’une approche individuelle (chaque PME avec son entrepreneur) à celle plus collective, tout en constatant qu’il reste encore beaucoup à faire pour mieux comprendre ces organisations de petite taille.
Mots clés:
- Théorie,
- PME,
- Économie et PME,
- Sciences de gestion et PME,
- Autres disciplines et entrepreneuriat
Abstract
If before the 70’s, few researchers had thought about the SMEs’ role in our economies, it is on account of problematic conditions of large enterprises, following the oil crisis and the end of fordism in the next decade that more analytical research was made. First, the economic reconversion was made by economists who noticed their importance in many small regions. Then, the management scientists who wanted precise requirements for their development, have understood that they were very different from large enterprises and they requested particular tools for that. To better understand the specificities and their heterogeneity, finally, further studies have been made.
One thus left the rationalist theory and that of the contracts of the economists ensuring economic coherence to gradually take account of the contribution of the other actors upstream and downstream in the development of these firms. Then, with the assistance of the sociologists, one stopped, in the last years, with the role of the medium, the authorized capital and the networks and thus, the level of embedding of SME in their area, to explain their multiplication or their decrease. One thus passed from an individual approach (each SME with its contractor) to that more collective, while noting that it remains still much to make for better including/understanding these organizations of small size.
Resumen
Si, antes de los años 1970, algunos investigatoros han reflejado sobre la función de las PyMEs en nuestras economias, es solamente desde los problemas de funciamiento de las grandes empresas, siguiente las crisis petroleras y la final del fordismo de la otra decenio, que cada vez más intestigacionos han se dirigida sobre estas. Primero, estuvieron los economistos quien han apuntado su importancia en la reconversión de muchas pequeñas regiónas. Ademas, los especialistos en ciencia de gesción, que trataban de precisar su condiciónas de desarrollo, han observado que estaban muy diferentias de las grandes empresas y que tenian desarollar instrumentos particularos para suyas. Finalmente, algunas disciplinas han se inclinadas sobre su particularidadas y su heterogeneidadas para las comprehendar mejor.
Se esta por tanto partido de las teorias racionalistas y de los contratos de los economistos asegurando la cohérence economica, para tenir en cuenta gradualmente de aportación de otros actoros más ariba y más abajo en el desarrollo de estas empresas. Ademas, con la ayuda de los sociólogicos, se se parado el las ultimas años sobre la importancia del entorno, del capital social y de las redes, y entonces del nivel de encastramiento de las PyMEs en su región para explicar su multiplicación o su decrecientes. Se por tanto es pasado de un enfoque individual (cada empresa y cado empredador) a esto más coletivo, mientras constatando que hay todavia mucho a hacer para comprehendre mejor estas organisaciónas de pequeña dimensión.
Zusammenfassung
Obwohl bereits in den 1970er Jahren einige Forscher sich Gedanken zur Rolle der KMU in der Wirtschaft machten, wurden erst nach dem Wandel in den Grossbetrieben, der Ölkrise und dem Ende des Fordismus ein Jahrzehnt später vermehrt Studien zu kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen durchgeführt. Zuerst wurde die Rolle der KMU bei der wirtschaftlichen Umstrukturierung verschiedener kleiner Regionen durch Volkswirte erkannt. Später waren es Betriebswirtschaftler, die bei der Untersuchung der Entwicklungsbedingungen erkannt haben, dass kleine und mittlere Unternehmen sich stark von Grossbetrieben unterscheiden und dass deswegen auch spezielle Werkzeuge erstellt werden müssen. In einem dritten Schritt haben sich weitere Forschungsdisziplinen an den Eigenheiten und der Heterogenität der KMU interessiert.
Wir basierten uns auf der rationalistischen Theorie und der Theorie der ökonomischen Kontrakte, welche die wirtschaftliche Kohärenz sicher stellen, um schrittweise die Beteiligung der verschiedenen Akteure von Anfang bis Ende der Entwicklung der KMU zu berücksichtigen. In einem weiteren Schritt beschäftigen wir uns – mit der Hilfe von Soziologen – mit der Rolle des unternehmerischen Milieus, dem Sozialkapital und den Netzwerken sowie mit dem Niveau der Eingliederung der KMU in ihrer Region, um ihr Wachstum oder den Verfall zu erklären. Schliesslich gelangten wir von einer individuellen Betrachtung (jedes KMU und ihr Unternehmer) zu einer kollektivistischen Betrachtung. Dabei sind wir uns bewusst, dass noch viel Arbeit zu erledigen ist, um Unternehmen kleiner Grösse zu verstehen.
Appendices
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