Abstracts
Résumé
Une tendance croissante aux États-Unis en matière de politique de développement rural consiste à créer des réseaux flexibles d’entreprises manufacturières, d’entreprises interreliées selon le modèle des districts industriels européens au Danemark et en Italie. Cet article étudie l’expérience de plusieurs réseaux en milieu rural et urbain aux États-Unis dans le but d’évaluer leur performance et leurs effets sur les entreprises qui en sont membres. Les entrevues en profondeur effectuées montrent que les réseaux sont plus utiles pour les nouvelles et les très petites entreprises (micro-entreprises). Comme institutions, les réseaux contribuent à la promotion des interactions interentreprises et à l’apprentissage collectif dans leur région. En plus, ils fournissent des services aux entreprises qui en sont membres.
Il ressort que les réseaux enracinés dans leur région tendent à fournir plus à leurs membres que les réseaux moins intégrés. L’enracinement se manifeste par l’implication et le soutien financier (et matériel) des institutions locales et des résidents influents, en particulier la communauté d’entrepreneurs. Dans certaines régions où des réseaux n’étaient pas en opération, des entreprises ont été, en quelque sorte, en mesure de remplacer le réseau par un réseautage informationnel actif avec des entreprises situées en dehors de leur localité. Dans la plupart des régions, certaines politiques publiques de promotion semblent être nécessaires pour stimuler la formation de réseaux entre les entreprises locales.
Mots-clés :
- Réseau,
- PME,
- Fabrication,
- Coopération,
- Politique locale,
- États-Unis
Abstract
A growing trend in US rural (and urban) development policy is the formation of flexible manufacturing networks, interlinked firms patterned after European industrial districts in Denmark and Italy. This paper examines the experience of several such networks in the United States, in rural and in urban areas, in order to evaluate their performance and effects on member firms. Detailed interviews with firms in such networks indicate that networks are most useful for firms and very small firms (micro-enterprises). The networks as institutions promote inter-firm interaction and collective learning in their regions. In addition, the networks provide services to member firms. It appears that networks which become embedded in their region tend to provide more for their member firms than do less well-integrated networks.
Embeddedness is indicated by the involvement and financial (and other) support or local institutions and of influential residents, especially community entrepreneurs. In only a few regions where no network operates, firms are able nearly to substitute for a network by means of active informal networking on their own with firms from outside the locality. In most regions, some public-policy « push » seems to be needed to foster networking among firms in the local area.
Resumen
Una nueva tendencia en las políticas de desarrollo rural y urbano en los Estados Unidos consiste en la formación de redes flexibles de conección entre manufactureros, modeladas de acuerdo a patrones establecidos en Dinamarca e Italia. Este artículo estudia las experiencias de varios de estos sistemas reticulares en los Estados Unidos, rural y urbano, con el propósito de evaluar su rendimiento y los efectos sobre las firmas que integran tales redes. Entrevistas detalladas con firmas en dichas redes indican que ellas son mas favorables para firmas nuevas y de peque o tama o (micro-empresas). Las redes promueven interaccciones entre las firmas incluidas y conocimientos colectivos acerca de las regiones donde ellas operan. Adicionalmente, las redes proveen servicios a las firmas asociadas.
Parece ser que las redes que se han « insertado » en dichas regiones tienden a ofrecer mucho más para sus miembros que lo que ofrecen las redes menos integradas. La « Inserción » se revela en el grado de participación y apoyo financiero (o de otro orden) recibido por parte de instituciones locales y de residentes influyentes, especialmente empresarios de la comunidad. Sólo en regiones donde las redes no operan las firmas pueden sustituir dichas redes por medio de un sistema de integración propio en asociación con empresas de fuera de la localidad. En todas las regiones, se requieren ciertos impulsos creados por una política pública para promover la creación de inter-dependencias entre las firmas locales.
Appendices
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