Abstracts
Résumé
Cette étude comparative de /’internationalisation des petites et moyennes entreprises est basée sur une enquête dans quatre régions types de trois pays scandinaves (Finlande, Norvège et Suède), soit 12 régions. L’objectif est de mesurer la signification du milieu local de l’entreprise et l’étendue des relations interfirmes sur le niveau d’internationalisation. Les entreprises sont groupées en trois catégories : exportatrices engagées, exportatrices sporadiques et non exportatrices. En termes de relations verticales et horizontales de coopération, les exportateurs engagés ne se distinguent guère des autres catégories. Les différences entre les régions types et entre les pays sont peu importantes quand il s’agit de l'utilisation des ressources internes dans les entreprises. Les différences dans le recours aux ressources externes sont toutefois plus importantes entre les pays qu’entre les régions. Les meilleurs indicateurs de succès des entreprises comme exportatrices sont le recours aux technologies de production et les types de produits offerts.
Mots-clés :
- PME,
- Internationalisation,
- Comportement d'exportation,
- Relations interfirmes,
- Réseaux,
- Ressources externes,
- Ressources internes,
- Environnement local,
- Environnement des affaires,
- Développement régional
Abstract
The study deals with the internationalization of independant small and mediumsized enterprises located in four different types of local environment in Finland, Norway and Sweden. The focus is on the significance of a local operational environment and interfirm relations in the internationalization process. The firms are divided into committed exporters, experimental exporters and non-exporters. The findings suggest that in terms of horizontal and vertical cooperative relations, the committed exporters are not very dissimilar from the other two groups. Differences by country and by region in internal resources of the firm are also quite insignificant, whereas in the use of external resources there were somewhat more inter-country differences than interregional differences. Production technology and the profile of the products of the firm where the best predictors of success on the export market.
Resumen
En este estudio se trata la internacionalización de pequeñas y medianas empresas, ubicadas en cuatro tipos de entornos locales en Finlandia, Noruega y Suecia. El trabajo se centra en la importancia del ambiente operacional local y en las vinculaciones entre empresas en el proceso de internacionalización. Las compañías se dividen en exportadores comprometidos, exportadores experimentales y no exportadores. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que en términos de relaciones cooperativas horizontales y verticales, los exportadores comprometidos no se distinguen de los otros dos grupos. Las diferencias entre países o regiones en los recursos internos a la firma son también bastante reducidas, mientras que en el uso de recursos externos habría algo más de diferencia entre países que entre regiones. La tecnología de producción y el perfil de los productos son los mejores indicadores para predecir el éxito como exportadores.
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Attiyeh, R.S. et D.L. WENNER (1979), « Critical mass : key to export profits », Business Horizons, décembre. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1990.tb00267.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bijmolt, H.A. et P.S. Zwart (1994), «The impact of internal factors on the export success of Dutch small and medium-sized firms», Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 32, n° 1, p. 69-83. 10.2307/3151322 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BILKEY, W.J. et G. Tesar (1977), «The export behavior of smaller-sized Wisconsin firms», Journal of International Business, printemps-été, p. 93-98. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00222.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BLAU, P.M. (1968), «Interaction, social exchange», dans D.I. Sills (éd.), The Inter­national Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York, MacMillan. 10.1007/978-3-642-78178-0_9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BOSWELL, J. (1973), The Rise and Decline of Small Firms, Londres, Allen and Unwin. 10.1080/08985629100000004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bouwen, R. et C. Steyaert (1990), « Construing organizational texture in young entre­preneurial firms », Journal of Management Studies, vol. 27, n° 6, p. 637-649. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1990.tb00267.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BUCKLEY, P.J. et M. CASSON (1985), The Economic Theory of the Multinational Enterprise, New York, MacMillan. 10.1086/228311 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cavusgil, S.T. et J.R. Nevin (1981), «Internal determinants of export marketing behavior : an empirical investigation », Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, n° 1, p. 114-119. 10.2307/3151322 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cavusgil, S.T. (1984), «Organizational characteristics associated with export activity», Journal of Management Studies, vol. 21, n° 1, p. 3-22. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00222.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Christensen, P.R. et L. Lindmark (1993), «In search of regional support in inter­nationalization of small and medium-sized firms - A network perspective», dans L. Lundqvist et L.O. Persson (éd.), Visions and Strategies in European Integration. A North European Perspective, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 131-151. 10.1007/978-3-642-78178-0_9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Christensen, P.R., H. Eskelinen, B. Forsstrôm, L. Lindmark et E. Vatne (1990), «Firms in network : concepts, spatial impacts and policy implications », dans S. Illeris et L. Jackobsen (éd.), Networks and Regional Development, Copenhague, NordREFO / Akademisk Forlag. 10.1086/466942 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Christensen, P.R. (1991), « The small and medium-sized exporter’s squeeze : empirical evidence and model reflections », Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 3, p. 49-65. 10.1080/08985629100000004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Czinkota, M.R. et W.J. Johnston (1983), «Exporting: does sales volume make a difference ? », Journal of International Business, printemps-été, p. 147-153. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Diamantopoulos, A. (1988), «Identifying differences between high and low- involvement exporters », International Marketing Review, été, p. 56-60. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490783 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dosi, G., K. Pavitt et L. Soete (1990), «The economics of technical change and international trade», Londres, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dunning, J. (1988), «The eclectic paradigm of international production: a restate­ment and some possible extensions », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. XIX, n°l,p. 1-31. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490372 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Edmunds, S. et K. Sarkis (1986), «Exports : a necessary ingredient in the growth of small business firms », Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 24, n° 4, p. 54-65. 10.1007/978-1-349-05242-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Eskelinen, H., T. Lautanen et B. Forsstrom (1994), «The internationalization of SMEs », dans Four Finnish regions - some tentative observations, dans L. Lundqvist et L.O. Persson (éd.), Northern Perspectives on European Integration, NordREFO, Copenhague, Scandinavian University Press, vol. 1, p. 115-133. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Garofoli, G. (1991), «The Italian model of spatial development in the 1970s and 1980s », dans G. Benko et G.M. Dunford (éd.), Industrial Change and Regional Development, Londres, Belhaven Press. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490513 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Granovetter, M.S. (1985), « Economic action and social structure : the problem of embeddedness», American Journal of Sociology, vol. 91, p. 481-510. 10.1086/228311 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Green, R. et T. Larsen (1987), «Environmental shock and export opportunity», International Marketing Review, vol. 4, n° 4, p. 30-42. 10.1108/eb008340 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HARRISON, B. (1992), « Industrial districts : old wine in new bottles ? », Regional Studies, vol. 26, n° 5, p. 469-485. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HULL, C.J. et B. Hjern (1987), Helping Small Firms Grow. An Implementation Approach, Londres, Croom Helm. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Imai, K et Y. Baba (1991), «Systemic innovation and cross border networks: transcending markets and hierarchies to create a new techno-economic system », dans Technology and Productivity, Paris, OCDE, p. 389-407. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Johansson, J. et L.G. Mattsson (1987), « Interorganizational relations in industrial systems : a network approach compared with the transaction cost approach », Document de travail 1987/7, Department of Business Administration, University of Uppsala. 10.1080/00343409212331347121 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kaynak, E., P.N. Ghauri et T. Olofsson-Bredenlôw (1987), «Export.behavior of small Swedish firms », Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 25, n° 2, p. 26-32. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lundberg, L. (1992), «European economic integration and the Nordic countries trade», Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. XXX, n° 2, p. 157-173. 10.1111/j.1468-5965.1992.tb00425.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lundvall, B.Å. (1988), «Product innovation and user-producer relations», dans G. Dosi et al. (éd.), Technical Change and Economic Theory, Londres, Pinter Publishers. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MARSHALL, A. (1896), Principles of Economics, 2e édition, Londres, MacMillan. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’ROURKE, D.A. (1985), « Differences in exporting practices, attitudes, and problems by size of firm», American Journal of Small Business, hiver, p. 68-73. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PENROSE, E.T. (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, Oxford, Blackwell. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PFEFFER, J. et G.R. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations, New York, Harper and Row. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PORTER, M. (1985), Competitive Advantage, New York, Free Press. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- RAINNIE, A. (1989), Industrial Relations in Small Firms. Small Isn’t Beautiful ?, Londres, Routledge. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reid, S. (1984), « Information acquisition and export entry decisions in small firms », Journal of Business Research, vol. 12, n° 2, p. 141-157. 10.1016/0148-2963(84)90002-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- REVE, T. (1990), « The firm as a nexus of internal and external contracts », dans M. Aoki, B. Gustafsson et O.E. Williamson (éd.), The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties, Londres, Sage. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ROTHWELL, R. et W. ZEGVELD (1982), Innovation and the Small and Medium Sized Firm, Londres, Frances Pinter. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SCOTT, A.J. (1988), Metropolis : From the Division of Labor to Urban Form, Los Angeles, University of California Press. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sriram, V. et H.J. Sapienza (1991), «An empirical investigation of the role of marketing for small exporters », Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 29, n° 4, p. 33-43. 10.1525/9780520314085 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Solvell, O., I. Zander et M. Porter (1991), Advantage Sweden, Stockholm, Norstedts. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Vatne, E. (1995), «Local resource mobilization and internationalization strategies in small and medium sized enterprises », Environment and Planning, vol. A 27, n° 1, p. 63-80. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Williamson, O.E. (1979),« Transaction cost economics: the governance of contractual relations », Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 22, p. 233. 10.1086/466942 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York, Free Press. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar