Abstracts
Abstract
As part of the Ohneganos research project, funded through the Global Water Futures (GWF), we document the ways we worked across Haudenosaunee and anthropological knowledge to assess the impact of water insecurity on holistic maternal health. This research was led by the Six Nation Birthing Center (SNBC), inspired by Haudenosaunee Kaswenta treaty principles. We utilized community-based participatory research (CBPR) and Indigenous research methods (IRMs), such as storytelling, to find common ground of dialogue and reciprocity. In doing so, this research goes beyond traditional anthropological ways of data collection and fieldwork and highlights the importance of active community direction and participation. We argue that different knowledge from the researchers does not need to be ignored or reduced to one singular perspective to work across worldviews. Instead, acknowledging and highlighting the differences will lead to innovative methods and scholarship. This paper contributes to the literature of research methods and policies and will be helpful to Indigenous communities and non-Indigenous researchers working together.
Keywords:
- CBPR,
- IRMs,
- Two Row Wampum,
- action research,
- location work,
- edgework,
- working across epistemologies
Appendices
Bibliography
- Agrawal, A. (1995). Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientific knowledge. Development and Change, 26(3), 413-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1995.tb00560.x
- Anderson, K. (2001). Life Stages and native women: Memory, teachings, and story medicine. University of Manitoba Press.
- Anderson, K.M. & Mack, R. (2019). Digital Storytelling: A Narrative Method for Positive Identity Development in Minority Youth, Social Work With Groups, 42:1, 43-55, DOI: 10.1080/01609513.2017.1413616.
- Archibald, Q’um Q’um Xiiem, J. (2008). Indigenous storywork: Educating the heart. mind, body, and spirit. University of British Columbia Press. https://doi.org/10.59962/9780774855440
- Archibald, Q’um Q’um Xiiem J., Lee-Morgan J.B.J., & Santolo, J.D. (2019). Introduction: Decolonizing research: Indigenous storywork as methodology. In Archibald, Jo-Ann Q’um Q’um Xiiem, Jenny Bol Jun Lee-Morgan, & Jason De Santolo (Eds), Decolonizing research: Indigenous storywork as methodology (pp.1-16). Zed Books.
- Armstrong, A., Aznarez, M., Banks, S., Henfrey, T., Moore, H., Craig, G., Pain, R., & Summerbell, C. (2011). Connected communities Community-based participatory Research: Ethical challenges. Durham Community research Team. Center for Social justice and Community Actions, Durham University.
- Balkissoon D. (2018). In Ontario, midwives help with the rebirth of indigenous pregnancy care. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-in-ontario-midwives-help-with-the-rebirth-of-indigenous-pregnancy/
- Ball, J. (2014). On thin ice: Managing risks in community-university research partnership. In Etmanski C., Hall, B.L., & Dawson T. (Eds.), Learning and teaching community-based research: Linking pedagogy to practice (pp. 25-44). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442699397-007
- Ball, J. & Janyst, P. (2008). Enacting research ethics in partnership with Indigenous communities in Canada: “Do It In A Good Way.” Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 3 (2), pp. 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2008.3.2.33
- Battiste, M. & Henderson, James (Sa’ke’j) Y. (2000). Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge, Purich. https://doi.org/10.59962/9781895830439
- Born, K. (2003). Midwifery in Canada. McGill Journal of Medicine, 7 (1), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v7i1.615
- Carroll, D. & Benoit, C. (2004). Aboriginal midwifery in Canada: Merging traditional practices and Modern science. In Ivy Lynn Bourgeault, Cecilia Benoit, and Robbie Davis-Floyd (Eds), Recovering Midwifery. McGill-Queens University Press.
- Castellano, M. B. (2000). Updating Aboriginal Traditions of Knowledge. In G. J. S. Dei, B. L. Hall, & D. G. Rosenberg (Eds.), Indigenous Knowledges in Global Contexts: Multiple Readings of Our World (pp. 21-36). University of Toronto Press.
- Castleden, H., Morgan V.S., & Lamb, C. (2012). “I spent the First year drinking tea:” Exploring Canadian university researchers’ perspectives on community based participatory research involving Indigenous peoples. The Canadian Geographer, 56(2), 160-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2012.00432.x
- Clair, R.P. (2003). The Changing Story of Ethnography. In Robin Patrick Clair (Ed), Expressions of ethnography: Novel approaches to qualitative methods. State University of New York. https://doi.org/10.1353/book4714
- Cochran, Patricia A.L., Marshall, C.A., Garcia-Downing, C., Kendall, E., Cook, D., McCubbin, L., & Gover, R.M.S. (2008). Indigenous ways of knowing: Implications for participatory research and community. Health Policy and Ethics, 98(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093641
- Davis, W. (2009). The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World. Toronto: House of Anansi Press Inc.
- de La Cadena, M. (2015). Earth Beings: Ecologies of Practice Across Andean Worlds, Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478093626
- Drawson, A. S., Toombs, E., & Mushquash, C.J. (2017). Indigenous research methods: A systematic review. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2017.8.2.5
- Duignan, S., Moffat, T., & Martin-Hill, D. (2020). Using boundary objects to co-create community health and water knowledge with community-based medical anthropology and Indigenous knowledge. Engaged Scholar Journal, 6(1), 49-76. https://doi.org/10.15402/esj.v6i1.68178
- Dumont, JP. (1991). The headman and I: The ambiguity and ambivalence in the Field working Experiences. Waveland Press.
- Easby, A. & Brown, L. (2016). Indigenous research methodologies, final report. Global Thematic Review on Training in Community-Based Research. ISICUE, University of Victoria.
- Ermine, W., Nilson, R., Sauchyn, D., Sauve, E., & Smith, R.Y. (2005). Isi Askiwan–The State of the Land: Summary of the Prince Albert Grand Council Elders’ Forum on Climate Change. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 2(1), 62-72.
- Ermine, W. (2007). The Ethical Space of Engagement. Indigenous Law Journal, 6(1), 103-203. https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ilj/article/view/27669.
- Frank A. W. (2000). The standpoint of storyteller. Qualitative health research, 10(3), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118499.
- Frank. A.W. (2013). The wounded storyteller: Body, illness, and ethics. University of Chicago Press.
- Frank, A.W. (2017). An illness of one’s own: Memoir as art form and research as witness, Cogent Arts & Humanities, 4(1), DOI: 10.1080/23311983.2017.1343654.
- Freeman, B., & Van Katwyk, T. (2019). Testing the waters: Engaging the Tekéni Teyohà: ke Kahswénhtake/Two Row Wampum into a research paradigm. Canadian Journal for Native Education, 41(1), 146–167.
- Freeman, B., & Van Katwyk, T. (2020). Navigating the waters: Understanding allied relationships through a Tekéni Teyohà:ke Kahswénhtake Two Row Research Paradigm. Journal of Indigenous Social Development, 9(1), 60–76.
- Galtung, J. (1975). Educational growth and educational disparity. Prospects, 5, 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02196286.
- Goodchild, M., Senge, P., Scharmer, O., Longboat D.R., Longboat D.K., Hill, R., &Deer, K.K. (2021). Relational systems thinking: “That’s how change is going to come, from our Earth Mother.” JABSC. 1(1), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.47061/jabsc.v1i1.577
- Gupta, A. & Ferguson, J. (1997). Discipline and practice: “The Field” as site, method, and location in Anthropology. In Gupta & Ferguson (eds.) Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science. University of California Press.
- Hammersley, M. (2006). Ethnography: Problems and prospects, Ethnography and Education, 1(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457820500512697
- Hastrup, Kristen. (2014). Nature: Anthropology on the edge. In Kristen Hastrup (ed.), Anthropology and Nature (pp. 1-26), Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203795361
- Hill, Richard W. Sr. & Coleman, D. (2019). The Two Row Wampum-Covenant Chain Tradition as a guide for Indigenous-university research partnership. Cultural Studies, 19(5), 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708618809138
- Hill, Susan, M. (2017). The clay we are made of: Haudenosaunee land tenure on the Grand River. University of Manitoba Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780887554575
- Hill, R. (2013). Talking points on history and meaning of the Two Row wampum belt. Deyohahá:ge: Indigenous Knowledge Centre, Ohsweken, ON. Talking Points (honorthetworow.org).
- Holkup, Patricia A., Tripp-Reimer, T., Salois, E.M., & Weinert, C. (2004). Community-based participatory research: An approach to intervention research with a Native American community. Advances in Nursing Science, 27(3), 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200407000-00002
- Holmes, AGD. (2020). Researcher positionality—A consideration of its influence and place in qualitative research—A new researcher guide. International Journal of Education. 8 (4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232
- Hopkins, D., Joly, T.L., Skyes, H., Waniandy, A., Grant, J., Gallagher, L., Hansen, L., Wall, K., Fortna, P., & Bailey, M. (2019). “Learning together”: Braiding Indigenous and Western knowledge systems to understand fresh water mussel health in the Lower Athabasca Region of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Ethnobiology, 39(2), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-39.2.315
- Hunt, C. E., & Hauck, F. R. (2006). Sudden infant death syndrome. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(13), 1861–1869. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051671.
- Ingold, T. (2017). Anthropology contra ethnography. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.1.005
- Kotaska, J. (2019). Reconsidering collaboration: What constitutes good research with Indigenous communities? Collaborative Anthropologies, 11(2), 26-54. https://doi.org/10.1353/cla.2019.0005
- Kovach, M. (2009) Indigenous methodologies: Characteristics, conversation, and contexts. University of Toronto Press.
- Kovach, M. (2010). Conversational method in Indigenous research. First Peoples, Child Review & Family Review, 5(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.7202/1069060ar
- Kovach, M. (2015). Emerging from the margins: Indigenous methodologies. In Susan Strega and Leslie Brown (Eds), Research as resistance: Revisiting critical, Indigenous, and anti-oppressive approaches (pp.43-65), Canadian Scholar’s Press Inc.
- Kurtz, Donna LM. (2013). Indigenous methodologies: Traversing Indigenous and Western worldviews in research. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 9(3), 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011300900303
- Latulippe, N. (2015). Bridging parallel rows: Epistemic difference and relational accountability in cross-cultural research. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 6(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2015.6.2.7
- Leason, J. L. (2018). Exploring the complex context of Canadian Indigenous maternal child-health through maternity experiences: The role of social determinants of health. Social Determinants of Health, 4(2), 54-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/sdh.v4i2.19504
- Lyng, S. (2005). Edgework: The sociology of risk taking. Routledge.
- Mann, J. (2018). Canadian maternal health care policies and Indigenous women: The systematic, symbolic, and individual oppression of Indigenous women in Canada. Research paper. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/ 10393/38498/1/Mann_Janessa_2018_researchpaper.pdf
- Martin-Hill, D. (2021). Ohneganos: Water is life: Spring Newsletter #4. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0cddae51a584d71fb23968/t/6091d2b324e4eb68e8f88719/1620169410520/Spring_2021-GWF.pdf
- Martin-Hill, D., Gibson C. M., Gendron, D., Chen K., McQueen D., Looking Horse, M., Grewal, H., Deen T.A., Makhdoom, T.A., Arain, A.M., Chow-Fraser, P., Selvaganapathy R., & de Lannoy, CF. (2022). Striving Towards Reconciliation through the co-Creation of Water Research. In Miguel Sioui (Ed.), Indigenous Water and Drought Management in a Changing World (pp. 13-40). Wilfrid Laurier University. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824538-5.00002-9
- McCarthy, T. (2016). In Divided Unity: Haudenosaunee Reclamation at Grand River. The University of Arizona Press.
- McGregor, D. (2008). Anishnaabe-Kwe, traditional knowledge, and water protection. Canadian Women Studies, 26 (3-4), 26-30.
- McGregor, D. (2009). Linking traditional knowledge and environmental practice in Ontario. Journal of Canadian Studies, 43 (3), 69-100. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.43.3.69
- Morton Ninomiya, M. E., & Pollock, N. J. (2017). Reconciling community-based Indigenous research and academic practices: Knowing principles is not always enough. Social science & medicine (1982), 172, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.007.
- Moyer, E., & Nguyen, V.-K. (2017). Edgework in medical anthropology. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.4.5.589
- National Aboriginal Council of Midwives [NACM]. (2016). The Landscape of Midwifery care for Aboriginal Communities in Canada: A discussion paper to support culturally safe midwifery services for Aboriginal families. https://canadianmidwives.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NACM_LandscapeReport_2016_REV_July18_LOW.pdf.
- National Aboriginal Health Organization [NAHO]. (2004). Midwifery and Aboriginal Midwifery in Canada. https://fnim.sehc.com/getmedia/9d7c31c2-6997-4624-ba1f-47b0beef30e5/aboriginal_midwifery.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf. Accessed March, 14, 2022.
- Olson, R. (2013). Bodies of water: Exploring birthplace and ceremony in Manitoba Canada. Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 10(2), 341-351.
- Parmenter, J. (2013). The meaning of Kaswentha and the Two Row Wampum Belt in Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) History: Can Indigenous oral tradition be reconciled with the documentary record? Journal Of American History, 3 (1), 82-109. https://doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00301005
- Perry, Alison G. (2019). The place they will be born. British Journal of Midwifery, 27(9), 546-48. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2019.27.9.546
- Pontes, M. & Gendron, F. (2011). Community-based participatory research with traditional and indigenous communities of the Americas: Historical context and future directions. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 153-168.
- Ransom, J. W., and Ettenger, K. T. (2001). ‘Polishing the Kaswentha’: A Haudenosaunee view of environmental cooperation. Environmental Science & Policy, 4(4-5), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(01)00027-2
- Ritchie, S. D., Jo Wabano, M., Beardy, J., Curran, J., Orkin, A., VanderBurgh, D., & Young, N. L. (2013). Community-based participatory research with indigenous communities: the proximity paradox. Health & place, 24, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.09.008
- Said, Edward W. (1978) Orientalism, Random House.
- Simonds, Vanessa W. & Christopher, S. (2013). Adapting Western research methods to Indigenous ways of knowing. American Journal of Public Health, 103(12), 2185-2192. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301157
- Singer, M. 1989. The Coming of Age of Critical Medical Anthropology. Social Science and Medicines. 28:11. 1193-1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90012-9
- Smylie, J. (2014). Strong women strong nations: Aboriginal maternal health in British Columbia. Child Youth and Family Health. https://epub.sub.uni-hamburg.de/epub/volltexte/2015/39326/pdf/2014_07_09_FS_2421_MaternalHealth_EN_Web.pdf
- Smylie, J., O'Brien, K., Beaudoin, E., Daoud, N., Bourgeois, C., George, E. H., Bebee, K., & Ryan, C. (2021). Long-distance travel for birthing among Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnant people in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal ,193(25), E948–E955. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.201903
- Smith, Linda T. (2012). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous People. Zed Books.
- Star, S.L. (1989). The structure of ill-structured solutions: Boundary objects and heterogeneous distributed problem solving. Distributed Artificial Intelligence, pp. 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-55860-092-8.50006-X.
- Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387–420. http://www.jstor.org/stable/285080
- Star, S. L. (2010). This is not a boundary object: Reflections on the origin of a concept. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 35(5), 601–617. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25746386
- Steinhauer, E. (2002). Thoughts on an Indigenous research methodology. Canadian journal of Native Education, 26(2), 69-81.
- Stevenson, S. A. (2018). Decolonizing hydrosocial relations: The River as a site of ethical encounter in Alan Michelson’s Two Row II. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 6(2), 94-113.
- Stout R., & Harp, R. (2009). Aboriginal maternal and infant health in Canada: Review of on-reserve programming. Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence (PWHCE) and the British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health.
- Todd, Z. (2016). An Indigenous Feminist’s Take On The Ontological Turn: ‘Ontology’ Is Just Another Word For Colonialism. Journal of Historical Sociology, 29(1). 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12124.
- Weston, K. (1997). 9. The Virtual Anthropologist. In A. Gupta & J. Ferguson (Ed.), Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science (pp. 163-184). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520342392-010
- Wilson, S. (2001). What is an Indigenous research methodology? Canadian Journal of Native Education, 25(2), 175-179.
- Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods, Fernwood publishing.
- Wilson C. E. (1999). Sudden infant death syndrome and Canadian Aboriginals: bacteria and infections. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 25(1-2), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01346.x
- Williams, K.J., Umangay, U., & Brant, S. (2020). Advancing Indigenous research sovereignty: Public administration trends and the opportunity for the meaningful conversations in Canadian research governance. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 11(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2020.11.1.10237
- Zavala, M. (2013). What do we mean by decolonizing research strategies? Lessons from decolonizing Indigenous projects in New Zealand and Latin America. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 2(1), 55-71.