Abstracts
Résumé
Les effets catastrophiques de l’ouragan Katrina sur la Nouvelle-Orléans invitent à réexaminer les stratégies de protection mises en oeuvre jusqu’à présent contre les risques d’inondation auxquels cette ville a toujours été exposée. Le système de levées et les autres défenses matérielles établies au cours des décennies autour de l’agglomération ont clairement, une fois de plus, démontré leur inefficacité, et du même coup, l’insuffisance d’une protection essentiellement structurelle. Une voie complémentaire est à chercher, malgré les difficultés de l’entreprise, dans une organisation politique cohérente et une gestion administrative systémique visant à atténuer la vulnérabilité du site.
Mots-clés:
- inondations,
- Nouvelle-Orléans,
- vulnérabilité,
- prévention,
- risques
Abstract
The New Orleans disaster in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and Rita points to the need to reconsider the strategies for providing flood risk protection that have been implemented over the years in the flood-prone city. The levee system and other anti-flood equipment deployed during the past decades on sites throughout the city are clearly not efficient, and show the extent to which structures alone are insufficient for protection against flood events. Reducing site vulnerability is possible but difficult, and requires that a coherent political configuration be coupled with a systemic management approach.
Keywords:
- floods,
- New Orleans,
- vulnerability,
- prevention,
- risks
Appendices
Bibliographie
- American Societyof Civil Engineers (ASCE) (2005). “Hurricane Katrina: Who's in charge of the New Orleans levees?” Statement before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governemental Affairs – US Senate. December 15. www.asce.org/files/pdf/pressroom/hsgac12152005.pdf (Consulté en février 2006).
- Burby, R. J., (2006). Hurricane Katrina and the Paradoxes of Government Disaster Policy. Invited Paper Prepared for Publication in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Mars. 23 p.
- Campanella, R. (2002). Time and Place in New Orleans, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, 204 p.
- Campbell Rock C.C. (2006). Are the Levees Ready? San Francisco Bay View, 14 Juin. http://www.cwsworkshop.org/katrinareader/node/95 (consulté en juin 2006).
- Coalition to restore Coastal Louisiana (2000). No time to Lose, Facing the Future of Louisiana and the Crisis of Coastal Land Loss. Baton Rouge. 57 p. http://www.lacoast.gov/education/notime.pdf(consulté en juin 2006)
- Colten, C.E. (2000). Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs, Centuries of Change, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 272 p.
- Colten, C. E. (2005). An Unnatural Metropolis, Wrestling New Orleans from Nature, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 245 p.
- Daniels, T et K. Daniels (2003). The Environmental Planning Handbook for Sustainable Communities and Regions, Planners Press, Chicago Ill, Washington D.C.
- Davis, D. W. (2000). Historical Perspectives on Crevasses, Levees, and the Mississippi River, in Colten, C.E. (Ed.), Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,, p. 84-196.
- Environmental Defense & al. (2006). Katrina's Costly Wake (rapport), 16 p. http://www.edf.org/documents/5237_katrinascostlywake.pdf (consulté en mai 2006).
- FEMA (1970), Flood Recovery Guidance, Questions and Answers about the Advisory Flood Elevations. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/flood/recoverydata/katrina/katrina_ms_qa_afe.shtm (Consulté en août 2006).
- Galloway G.E. (2005). Statement of Gerald E. Galloway to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. 27 Octobre 2005. 7 p. http://www.umimra.org/documents/galloway.pdf (consulté en Avril 2006).
- General Accounting Office (GAO) (2005). (Government Accountability Office) and Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Pontchartrain And Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project, Septembre. 12 p. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d051050t.pdf (consulté en juillet 2006).
- Goeury, R. (2006). Katrina : L’échec des politiques de prévention contre les ouragans à La Nouvelle-Orléans, Master 2 Géomatique et gestion des territoires, Université d’Orléans, 58 p.
- Gomez, G. (2000). “Perspective, Power and Priorities: New Orleans and the Mississippi River Flood of 1927”, in Colten, C.E. (Ed.), Transforming New Orleans and its Environs: Centuries of Change, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 109-120.
- Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee (IFMRC) (1994). A Blueprint for Change – Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain management into the 21st Century, report of the IFMRC to the Administration Floodplain Management Task Force. (US GPO), Juin. 227 p.
- http://www.floods.org/PDF/Sharing_the_Challenge.pdf (consulté en Mai 2006).
- Interagency Performance Evaluation Task (IPET) (2006). Performance Evaluation of the New Orleans and Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Protection System, Draft Final Report, Juin.
- Kelman, A. (2000). “Forests and River Perils”, in Colten, C.E. (Ed.), Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 45-63.
- Kunreuther, H. (2006). Disaster Mitigation and Insurance: Learning from Katrina. Mars.
- Lewis, P.F. (1976). New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company. Réédité en 2003 par University of Virginia Press, 208 p.
- Link, E. (2006). “Hurricane of Negligence“, Denver Post, 6 juin.
- Malone, L. A. (1995). Environmental Regulation of Land Use, Deerfield.IL New-York, NY, and Rochester, NY, Clark Boardman Callaghan, 1 v. (loose-leaf) ; 26 cm.
- Maret, I. (2006). Can New Orlenians be safe in their city ? PLAN CANADA, Fall.
- Maret, I. et H. Blakeman (2005). “Can we plan to protect our environment? Spreading urbanization in the state of Louisiana“, in Sustainable development and planning II, vol1, p. 451-461 Witt Press, Sept.
- May, P. J. et Deyle R. E. (1998). “Governing Land Use in Hazardous Areas with a Patchwork System“, in Burby, R.J. (Ed.), Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C (1998), p. 57–84.
- Mileti, D.S, (1999). Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States, Washington, Joseph Henry Press, 376 p.
- Morris C. (2000). “Impenetrable but Easy: The French Transformation of the Lower Mississippi Valley and the Founding of New Orleans“, in Colten, C.E. (Ed.), Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs: Centuries of Change, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 22-42.
- North Carolina Departmentof Emergency Management (NCDEM) (2002), Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, August 2. www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/dma_2000.html (Consulté en février 2008).
- Peirce, N. (2005). “Katrina's harsh land-use lesson”, in The Seattle Times, 24 octobre.
- Pabis, G. (2000). “Subduing Nature through Engineering”, in Colten, C.E. (Ed.), Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 64-83.
- Platt, R.H. (1998). “Planning and Land Use Adjustments in Historical Perspective“, in Burby, R.J. (Ed.), Cooperating with Nature. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. p. 29-56
- Rosenbaum, W. (2005). The Developmental and Environmental Impacts of the National Flood Insurance Program: A Review of Literature, American Institute for Research, University of Florida, Avril.
- Shallat, T. (2000). “In the Wake of Hurricane Betsy”, in Colten, C.E. (Ed.), Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs: Centuries of Change, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 120-138
- Warrick J. & M. Grunwald (2005), «Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws», The Washington Post, Oct. 24, p. A01.