Abstracts
Résumé
Historiquement, au Japon, les mesures politiques concernant les Aïnous ont toujours été restreintes au territoire d’Hokkaidō. Toutefois, en reconnaissant officiellement les Aïnous en tant que peuple autochtone du nord du Japon et de ses environs en 2008, le gouvernement a pris la décision sans précédent – et pourtant souvent négligée – d’inclure les Aïnous résidant hors du territoire d’Hokkaidō dans l’élaboration d’une politique nationale aïnoue. Cet article expose le rôle qu’a joué le mouvement politique aïnou à Tokyo au cours des quatre dernières décennies, dans une campagne visant l’égalité des droits des Aïnous indépendamment de leur lieu de résidence. Il aborde également les politiques trop bien connues qui sous-tendent la reconnaissance du peuple aïnou ; reconnaissance qui promettait beaucoup plus que ce que le gouvernement n’avait l’intention d’accomplir.
Mots-clés :
- Aïnous,
- Tokyo,
- droits des autochtones,
- urbanisation,
- géographie politique
Abstract
Historically, Ainu policy measures in Japan have always been limited to Hokkaido. However, in the Japanese government’s recognition of the Ainu people as indigenous to northern Japan and its environs in 2008, the decision was made to include Ainu living outside of Hokkaido in negotiations over a national Ainu policy. In this paper, I survey the role played by the Ainu political movement in Tokyo in a forty years campaign aimed at equalizing the rights for Ainu irrespective of location and discuss the politics of the government’s new position.
Keywords:
- Ainu,
- Tokyo,
- indigenous rights,
- urbanization,
- political geography
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Amit, V., 2002. « An Anthropology Without Community ? », in V. Amit et N. Rapport (dir.), The Trouble with Community : Anthropological Reflections on Movement, Identity and Collectivity. London, Pluto Press, p. 12-66.
- Andersen, C. et C. Denis, 2003. « Urban Native Communities and the Nation : Before and After the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples », Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, vol. 40, no 4, p. 373-390.
- Anderson, K. et J. M. Jacobs, 1997. « From Urban Aborigines to Aboriginality and the City : One Path Through the History of Australian Cultural Geography », Australian Geographical Studies, vol. 35, no 1, p. 12-22.
- Aoki, T., 2001. « Peure Utari no Kai no Ayumi » [A History of the Peure Utari no Kai], in Zaidan hōjin Ainu bunka shinkō/kenkyū suishin kikō (dir.), Fukyū keihatsu semina– hōkokushū [Collected Presentations from the Seminar for the Dissemination of Knowledge regarding Ainu Traditions]. Sapporo, Zaidan hōjin Ainu bunka shinkō/kenkyū suishin kikō, p. 59-62.
- Brah, A., 1996. Cartographies of Diaspora : Contesting Identities. London, New York, Routledge.
- Cairns, A. C., 2000. Citizens Plus : Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian State. Vancouver, University of British Colombia Press.
- Chiri, M., 1998. « Shuto ken no Ainu undō to jissen » [Ainu Movements and Cultural Practice in the Metropolitan Region], in Shigeru Kayano (dir.), Ainu bunka o denshōsuru [Handing Down Ainu Culture]. Tokyo, Heibunsha, p. 77-87.
- Cotterill, S., 2011. « Documenting Urban Indigeneity : TOKYO Ainu and the 2011 survey on the living conditions of Ainu outside Hokkaidō », The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol. 9, issue 45, no 2. http://japanfocus.org/-Simon-Cotterill/3642 [consulté le 2 avril 2013].
- Council on Ainu Policy Promotion, 2011. Survey on Socioeconomic Conditions of Ainu outside Hokkaidō. Working Group Report. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/ainusuishin/jittaichousa/houkokusho.pdf [consulté le 15 juin 2012].
- Forte, M., 2010. Indigenous Cosmopolitans : Transnational and Transcultural Indigeneity in the Twenty-First Century. New York, Peter Lang.
- Goodall, H. et A. Cadzow, 2009. Rivers and Resilience : Aboriginal People on Sydney’s Georges River. Sydney, University of New South Wales Press.
- Graham, L., 2005. « Image and Instrumentality in a Xavante Politics of Existential Recognition : The Public Outreach Work of Etenhiritipa Pimentel Barbosa », American Ethnologist, vol. 32, no 4, p. 622-641.
- Kaiho, Y., 1992. Kindai hoppō shi : Ainu minzoku to josei to [Modern history of the northern regions : The Ainu people and women]. Tokyo, Sanichi Shobō.
- Kanō, Y., 2003. « Kaitakushi Karigakkō ni okeru Ainu kyoiku » [Ainu Education at the Interim School of the Colonization Commission], in Zaidan hōjin Ainu bunka shinkō/kenkyū suishin kikō (dir.), Fukyū keihatsu semina– hōkokushū [Recueil de présentations données lors du Séminaire sur the Dissemination of Knowledge regarding Ainu Traditions]. Sapporo, Zaidan hōjin Ainu bunka shinkō/kenkyū suishin kikō, p. 54-59.
- Lewallen, A.-E., [à paraître]. Fabric of Indigeneity : Ainu, Clothwork, and Gender in Postcolonial Japan. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
- Lewallen, A.-E., 2008. « Indigenous at last ! Ainu Grassroots Organizing and the Indigenous Peoples Summit in Ainu Mosir », The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol. 48, issue 6, no 8. http://www.japanfocus.org/-ann_elise-Lewallen/2971 [consulté le 15 juin 2012].
- Lewallen, A.-E., 2006. “Hands that Never Rest” : Ainu Women, Cultural revival and Indigenous Politics in Japan. Thèse de doctorat, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
- Lie, J., 2001. Multiethnic Japan. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
- Meiji, K. (dir.), 1912. Takushoku hakurankai kinen shashin chō [Commemorative photographs of the colonial exhibition]. Tokyo, Meiji kinenkai.
- Miyatake, K., 2012. « Ainu in London, 1910 : Power, Representation and Practice of the Ainu Village », in A. Hotta-Lister et I. Nash (dir.), Commerce and Culture at the 1910 Japan-British Exhibition : Centenary Perspectives. Folkstone, Global Oriental, p. 103-122.
- Moriya, H. (dir.), 2011. Tokyo Ainu. Tokyo, Ainu Pride Productions.
- Muecke, S., 2004. Ancient and Modern : Time, Culture, and Indigenous Philosophy. Sydney, University of New South Wales Press.
- Nishiura, H., 1997. Ainu, ima ni ikiru [Ainu in the Present]. Tokyo, Shinsensha.
- Ogasawara, N., 1990. Shoppai Kawa – Tokyo ni ikiru Ainutachi [Crossing the Salty River : The Stories of Ainu Living in Tokyo]. Tokyo, Kabushikigaisha.
- Otomo, A., 1990. « Japan », in C. G. Nam, W. J. Serow et D. F. Sly (dir.), International Handbook on Internal Migration. New York, London, Greenwood Press. p. 257-274.
- Peng, F. C. C., R. Ricketts et N. Imamura, 1974. « The Socio-economic Status of the Ainu : The Past in the Present », American Ethnologist, vol. 1, no 4, p. 731-750.
- Sala, G. C., 1975. « Protest and the Ainu of Hokkaidō », Japan Interpreter, vol. 10, no 1, p. 44-65.
- Siddle, R., 1996. Race, Resistance and the Ainu of Japan. London, New York, Routledge.
- Sissons, J., 2005. First Peoples : Indigenous Cultures and Their Futures. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Sonohara, T. et A.-E. Lewallen, avec la coopération du Hokkaidō University Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, 2008. Resolution calling for the Recognition of the Ainu People as an Indigenous People of Japan (English translation). House of Councillors and House of Representatives, National Diet of Japan.
- Stevens, G., 2014. « The Ainu, Law, and Legal Mobilization, 1984-2008 », in M. Hudson, A.-E. Lewallen et M. K. Watson (dir.), Beyond Ainu Studies : Changing Academic and Public Perspectives. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.
- Sugawara, K., 1968. Gendai no Ainu : Minzoku Idō no Roman [The Modern Ainu : Drama of a People in Motion]. Tokyo, Genbunsha.
- Swanson, K., 2010. Begging as a Path to Progress : Indigenous Women and Children and the Struggle for Ecuador’s Urban Spaces. Athens, University of Georgia Press.
- Tanba, F., 1997. « Rera Cise – Zenshi » [Rera Cise : A Prologue], in Rera no Kai (dir.), Rera Cise e no Michi – Koushite Tokyo ni Ainu Ryōriten ga Dekita [The Road Towards the Rera Cise : The Making of an Ainu Restaurant in Tokyo]. Tokyo, Gendai Kikakushitsu, p. 10-16.
- Tōkyō -to Kikaku Chōseikyoku Chōsabu, 1975. Tokyo Zaijyū Utari Jittai Chōsa Hōkokusho [Report on the Survey of the Socio-economic Conditions of Ainu resident in Tokyo]. Tokyo, Tokyo-to Kikaku Chōseikyoku Chōsabu.
- Tōkyō -to Kikaku Shingitsu, 1989. Tokyo Zaijyū Utari Jittai Chōsa Hōkokusho [Report on the Survey of the Socio-economic Conditions of Ainu resident in Tokyo]. Tokyo, Tokyo-to Kikaku Shingitsu.
- Trumbull, R., 1974. « Oppressed Race in Japan Gaining », in E. O. Reischauer (dir.), Japan : The Great Contemporary Issues. New York, Arno Press, p. 457.
- Tsuya, N. O. et T. Kuroda, 1989. « Japan : the Slowing of Urbanization and Metropolitan Concentration ». in A.G. Champion (dir.), Counterurbanization : the Changing Pace and Nature of Population Deconcentration. London, New York, Edward Arnold, p. 207-229.
- Uzawa, K., 2014. « Charanke », in M. Hudson, A.-E. Lewallen and M. K. Watson (dir.), Beyond Ainu Studies : Changing Academic and Public Perspectives. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.
- Vanstone, J. W., 1993. « The Ainu Group at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904 », Arctic Anthropology, vol. 30, no 2, p. 77-91.
- Watson, M. K. 2014. Japan’s Ainu Minority in Tokyo : Diasporic Indigeneity and Urban Politics. London, New York, Routledge.
- Watson, M. K. 2010. « Diasporic Indigeneity : Place and the Articulation of Ainu Identity in Tokyo, Japan », Environment and Planning A, vol. 42, no 2, p. 268-284.
- Weiner, M. (dir.), 1997. Japan’s Minorities : The Illusion of Homogeneity. London, New York, Routledge.
- White, J. W., 1982. Migration in Metropolitan Japan : Social Change and Political Behavior. Berkeley, University of California Press.
- Willis, D. B. et S. Murphy-Shigematsu, 2007. Transcultural Japan : At the Borderlands of Race, Gender and Identity. London, New York, Routledge.