Abstracts
Résumé
Les stratégies de dissuasion ciblée visent à réduire la violence en analysant les dynamiques et les conditions qui entraînent des problèmes récurrents de criminalité violente, tout en modifiant le comportement des délinquants grâce à des actions conjointes d’agences chargées de l’application de la loi, de services sociaux et d’organismes communautaires. Cette approche a été efficace pour contrôler la violence récurrente dans plusieurs villes aux États-Unis, en Europe, en Australie et dans d’autres pays. Cependant, la littérature scientifique disponible évaluant cette approche souligne que les stratégies de dissuasion ciblée sont très difficiles à mettre en oeuvre et à maintenir. S’appuyant sur une revue systématique en cours, les évaluations existantes avancent qu’environ la moitié des programmes de dissuasion ciblée rencontrent des défis notables lors de leur mise en oeuvre. Le domaine en développement de la science de la mise en oeuvre s’avère utile pour améliorer l’adoption et la continuité de ces programmes, leur apportant une meilleure fidélité, afin d’atteindre les résultats souhaités en matière de prévention de la violence. Les évaluations de processus disponibles pour les programmes de dissuasion ciblée suggèrent que les mesures clés pour assurer une mise en oeuvre robuste incluent la création d’un réseau de dispositifs alignant le travail des agences individuelles et de leurs représentants sur des objectifs communs, le développement de structures de responsabilité inter-agences et de plans de continuité, ainsi que la réalisation d’analyses des problèmes initiales et en continu de processus afin de garantir que les activités stratégiques soient adaptées aux contextes locaux et aux capacités opérationnelles. Les leçons tirées des programmes de dissuasion ciblée implantés sont abordées afin de favoriser la mise en oeuvre de tels projets de prévention de la violence au Québec sur la base des données probantes.
Mots-clés :
- Violence armée,
- prévention de la violence,
- dissuasion ciblée,
- science de la mise en oeuvre,
- fidélité des programmes
Abstract
Focused deterrence strategies attempt to reduce violence by analyzing the dynamics and conditions driving recurring violent crime problems, with the aim of changing offender behaviour through blended law enforcement, social service, and community mobilization actions. The approach has been effective in controlling recurring violence in cities in the US, Europe, Australia and other countries. However, the available evaluation literature also suggests that focused deterrence strategies are very difficult to implement and sustain. Drawing on an ongoing systematic review, existing evaluations suggest that roughly half of focused deterrence programs experience noteworthy implementation challenges. The developing field of implementation science could be used to improve focused deterrence program adoption and continuity, and to achieve desired violence prevention impacts through enhanced program fidelity. Available process evaluations of focused deterrence programs suggest that key capacities to ensure robust implementation include : (1) creating a network of capacity that aligns the work of individual agencies and their representatives toward common goals, (2) developing interagency accountability structures and sustainability plans, and (3) conducting upfront and ongoing problem analyses to ensure that strategy activities are tailored to local contexts and operational capacities. The lessons learned from focused deterrence implementations, related to putting evidence-based violence prevention programs into practice to control armed violence in Québec, are considered.
Keywords:
- Gun violence,
- violence prevention,
- focused deterrence,
- implementation science,
- program fidelity
Resumen
Las estrategias de disuasión focalizada intentan reducir la violencia mediante el análisis de las dinámicas y condiciones que generan problemas recurrentes de criminalidad violenta, al tiempo que modifican el comportamiento de los delincuentes a través de acciones conjuntas de agencias encargadas de la aplicación de la ley, servicios sociales y organizaciones comunitarias. Este enfoque ha demostrado ser eficaz para controlar la violencia recurrente en varias ciudades de Estados Unidos, Europa, Australia y otros países. Sin embargo, la literatura científica disponible que evalúa este enfoque sugiere que las estrategias de disuasión focalizada son muy difíciles de implementar y mantener. Basándose en una revisión sistemática, las evaluaciones existentes indican que aproximadamente la mitad de los programas de disuasión focalizada enfrentan desafíos significativos durante su implementación. El campo emergente de la ciencia de la implementación resulta útil para mejorar la adopción y la continuidad de estos programas, con el fin de alcanzar los impactos deseados en la prevención de la violencia mediante una mayor fidelidad de los programas. Las evaluaciones de proceso disponibles para los programas de disuasión focalizada sugieren que las medidas clave para asegurar una implementación sólida incluyen la creación de una red de mecanismos que alinee el trabajo de las agencias individuales y sus representantes hacia objetivos comunes, el desarrollo de estructuras de responsabilidad interinstitucional y planes de continuidad, así como la realización de análisis de problemas iniciales y continuos de los procesos para garantizar que las actividades estratégicas estén adaptadas a los contextos locales y a las capacidades operativas. Se tomarán en cuenta las lecciones aprendidas de la implementación de la disuasión focalizada para aplicar programas de prevención de la violencia basados en evidencia con el objetivo de controlar la violencia armada en Quebec.
Palabras clave:
- Violencia armada,
- prevención de la violencia,
- disuasión focalizada,
- ciencia de la implementación,
- fidelidad de los programas
Appendices
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