Abstracts
Résumé
Les caméras portatives sont aujourd’hui considérées comme le nouvel outil ayant le potentiel de transformer la police. Celles-ci sont perçues comme une solution pour : 1) augmenter la transparence, la reddition des comptes et la légitimité de la police ; 2) améliorer l’efficacité des enquêtes ; et 3) rehausser la sécurité des citoyens et des policiers. Or, les résultats du corpus d’études évaluant les effets réels de ces caméras sont, d’une part, mitigés, d’autre part, majoritairement américains. Le contexte social et légal canadien étant différent de celui des États-Unis, les résultats américains ne sont pas nécessairement transposables au Canada. Quelques évaluations canadiennes sont toutefois disponibles pour guider la prise de décisions relatives aux caméras portatives sur policiers au Canada. L’objectif du présent article est donc de proposer une revue de la portée (scoping review) de 28 études sur les caméras portatives menées au Canada entre 2010 et 2021 et ayant soulevé des enjeux de légitimité et d’efficacité de la police. Les constats sont divisés en trois sections distinctes : 1) les bonnes pratiques en matière d’utilisation des caméras portatives dans les organisations policières canadiennes ; 2) le contraste entre les attentes à l’égard de cet outil et son réel potentiel ; et 3) les enjeux et limites associés à cet outil. Alors que l’article met en lumière certains effets positifs des caméras portatives, une réflexion est entamée quant à leur plus-value à la lumière de leurs enjeux et limites.
Mots-clés :
- Caméras portatives,
- police,
- Canada,
- revue de la portée,
- projet pilote
Abstract
Body-worn cameras are currently seen as a technology that can potentially transform the police, increasing police transparency, accountability and legitimacy ; making investigations more efficient ; and improving the safety of citizens and police officers. However, the studies that have looked at the empirical effects of these cameras report conflicting results and have been undertaken mainly in the US. Given that social and legal contexts in Canada differ from those in the US, results from the latter can’t necessarily be transposed to Canada. There are, however, a few Canadian studies available to guide decision-making related to the implementation of body-worn cameras in Canadian police organizations. The aim of this paper is to provide a scoping review of the results of 28 studies on this topic done in Canada between 2010 and 2021. Three distinct categories of observations were found : 1) good practices for the use of body-worn cameras in Canadian police organizations, 2) the gap between expectations for this tool and its real potential, and 3) concerns about and limits of these cameras. While the paper sheds light on some positive effects of body-worn cameras in policing, it also starts a discussion on their payoff in light of their limits.
Keywords:
- Body-worn cameras,
- police,
- Canada,
- scoping review,
- pilot project
Resumen
Las cámaras portátiles son hoy en día consideradas como el nuevo útil que tiene el potencial de transformar a la policía. Estas son percibidas como una solución para : 1) aumentar la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y la legitimidad de la policía ; 2) mejorar la legitimidad de las encuestas ; y 3) mejorar la seguridad de los ciudadanos y de los policías. Así, los resultados del cuerpo de estudios que evalúa los efectos reales de estas cámaras son, por un lado, confusos, y, por el otro, mayoritariamente estadounidenses. Al ser el contexto social y legal canadiense diferente al de los Estados Unidos, los resultados estadounidenses no son necesariamente transferibles a Canadá. Algunas evaluaciones canadienses están, sin embargo, disponibles para guiar la toma de decisiones relativas a las cámaras portátiles por los policías en Canadá. El objetivo de este artículo es entonces proponer una revisión del alcance (scoping review) de 28 estudios sobre las cámaras portátiles, realizados en Canadá entre 2010 y 2021, y que subrayaron problemas de legitimidad y de eficacidad de la policía. Las constataciones están divididas en tres secciones distintas : 1) las buenas prácticas en materia de utilización de las cámaras portátiles en las organizaciones policiales canadienses ; 2) el contraste entre las expectativas de este útil y su potencial real ; y 3) los problemas y los límites asociados a este útil. Mientras que el artículo pone a la luz ciertos efectos positivos de las cámaras portátiles, una reflexión es dada en cuanto a su plusvalía, a la luz de sus problemas y de sus límites.
Palabras clave:
- Cámaras portátiles,
- policía,
- Canadá,
- revisión del alcance,
- proyecto piloto
Appendices
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