Abstracts
Résumé
Au Canada, les demandeurs d’asile détenus en vertu des lois sur l’immigration sont enfermés dans des établissements de type carcéral, même si moins de 6 % d’entre eux sont soupçonnés de criminalité ou de dangerosité. Nous présentons un survol de la situation canadienne, incluant des données tirées de notre récente étude sur l’impact de la détention sur la santé mentale des demandeurs d’asile. Cette étude fut menée auprès de 122 demandeurs d’asile adultes détenus dans des centres de surveillance de l’immigration, à Montréal et à Toronto, et d’un groupe témoin de 66 demandeurs d’asile non détenus. Les demandeurs d’asile détenus vivent un sentiment de disempowerment et de perte d’agentivité en raison du régime de surveillance et de règles strictes dans lequel ils sont placés et de la durée indéterminée de leur détention. Après une incarcération moyenne de 31 jours, le niveau de symptômes psychiatriques était nettement plus élevé chez les demandeurs d’asile détenus que chez les non-détenus ayant eu une exposition traumatique prémigratoire équivalente. La Loi visant à protéger le système d’immigration du Canada (projet de loi C-31) prévoit que des demandeurs d’asile désignés par le ministre, incluant des jeunes de 16 ans et plus, seront automatiquement détenus avec une possibilité très limitée de demander la libération. Il faudrait, au contraire, envisager des solutions de rechange moins contraignantes.
Mots-clés :
- Détention,
- demandeurs d’asile,
- réfugiés,
- santé mentale,
- stress post-traumatique
Abstract
Under Canadian immigration law, detained asylum seekers are held in prison-like facilities although less than 6 % of them are suspected of criminality or dangerousness. We present an overview of the Canadian situation, including data drawn from our recent study on the impact of detention on asylum seekers’ mental health. The study involved 122 adult asylum seekers detained in Immigration Holding Centres in Montreal and Toronto and a comparison group of 66 nondetained asylum seekers. Detained asylum seekers experience a sense of disempowerment and loss of agency linked to the regime of surveillance and strict rules to which they are subjected, as well as to the indeterminate length of their detention. After an average imprisonment of 31 days, detained asylum seekers had a considerably higher level of psychiatric symptoms than did non-detained asylum seekers, although the two groups had undergone equivalent premigration trauma exposure. Under the Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act (Bill C-31), asylum seekers designated by the Minister, including youth 16 years old and over, will be automatically detained with very limited access to review by an independent tribunal. On the contrary, less restrictive alternative should be considered.
Keywords:
- Asylum seekers,
- refugies,
- mental health,
- postraumatic stress
Resumen
En Canadá, los demandantes de asilo detenidos en virtud de las leyes sobre la inmigración son encerrados en establecimientos de tipo carcelario, incluso si menos del 6 % de ellos son sospechados de ser criminales o peligrosos. Presentamos un panorama de la situación canadiense, incluyendo datos extraídos de nuestro reciente estudio sobre el impacto de la detención sobre la salud mental de los demandantes de asilo. El presente estudio fue llevado a cabo sobre 122 demandantes de asilo adultos detenidos en los Centros de vigilancia de la inmigración en Montreal y en Toronto, y sobre un grupo de control de 66 demandantes de asilo no detenidos. Los demandantes de asilo detenidos experimentan un sentimiento de pérdida de poder y de agentividad en razón del régimen de vigilancia y de las reglas estrictas bajo las que son colocados, así como también a causa del período indeterminado de la detención. Luego de una encarcelación promedio de 31 días, el nivel de los síntomas psiquiátricos es claramente más elevado en los demandantes de asilo detenidos que en aquellos que no lo han sido, pero que han vivido una exposición traumática premigratoria equivalente. La Ley encargada de proteger el sistema de inmigración en Canadá (proyecto de ley C-31) prevé que los demandantes de asilo designados por el Ministerio, incluyendo los jóvenes mayores de 16 años, sean automáticamente detenidos con una posibilidad muy limitada de solicitar la liberación. Haría falta, al contrario, considerar alternativas menos restrictivas.
Palabras clave:
- Detención,
- demandantes de asilo,
- refugiados,
- salud mental,
- estrés post-traumático
Appendices
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