Abstracts
Résumé
Les besoins des victimes d’actes criminels violents sont multiples. Les victimes ont, entre autres, besoin de se sentir soutenues et reconnues en tant que victimes et de participer aux procédures judiciaires. Plusieurs études scientifiques révèlent que les interventions réparatrices ont la capacité de répondre à ces besoins. Bien que les victimes ne soient pas toujours intéressées par une telle approche, celles qui acceptent d’y participer sont effectivement satisfaites de l’offre réparatrice. On pourrait dépasser l’interrogation sur la pertinence d’offrir des mesures réparatrices aux victimes de crimes violents et plutôt se demander quel est le meilleur moment pour le faire. Dans cet article, nous comparons les expériences des victimes de crimes violents qui ont participé à une intervention réparatrice soit avant, soit après qu’une décision judiciaire a été prise. Nous voulions savoir notamment quel est l’impact d’une réponse judiciaire sur l’appréciation de l’approche réparatrice et si la disponibilité d’une décision judiciaire est une condition pour l’appréciation de l’approche bilatérale de la justice réparatrice. Cette étude illustre aussi comment les victimes situent l’approche réparatrice par rapport au système judiciaire.
Mots-clés :
- Victimes d’actes criminels,
- justice réparatrice,
- justice procédurale,
- justice pénale
Abstract
The needs of victims of violence are numerous. Victims are looking for support and recognition as well as information about possible remedies. Often, they are left with questions following their victimization such why this happened to them. Empirical data reveal that restorative practices are able to respond to many of these needs. While not every victim is interested in participating in a restorative intervention, those victims who do partake in restorative justice programs are generally satisfied with their experience. Therefore, we can move beyond the question whether it is pertinent to offer restorative interventions to victims of violent crime, and instead examine how best to introduce victims to restorative justice programs. In this paper we compare the experiences of victims of serious violent crimes with a restorative intervention completed before or after a judicial decision was taken. Specifically, we ask : What is the role of a restorative intervention before and after adjudication ? What is the impact of a judicial response on the victims’ assessment of the restorative intervention ? Is the availability of a judicial decision a condition for the appreciation of the bilateral nature of the restorative approach ? The findings also shed light on where victims of violence place the restorative offer in relation to the criminal justice system.
Keywords:
- Victims of crime,
- restorative justice,
- procedural justice,
- criminal justice
Resumen
Las necesidades de las víctimas de violencia son numerosas ; están, entre otras, las de sentirse respaldadas, participantes y reconocidas como tales. Diversos estudios científicos muestran que las intervenciones de reparación pueden dar respuesta a estas necesidades. Aunque no siempre interesadas, las víctimas que aceptan participar resultan efectivamente satisfechas de la tarea reparadora. Puede obviarse la interrogante sobre la pertinencia de ofrecer medidas de reparación a las víctimas de crímenes violentos y más bien preguntarse cuál es el mejor momento para involucrarlas en dicho enfoque. En este artículo se comparan las experiencias de víctimas de crímenes violentos que han participado en una intervención de reparación, ya sea antes o después de una decisión judicial. Se cuestiona también el papel de una intervención de este tipo antes y después de la decisión judicial, y el impacto de una respuesta judicial respecto de la apreciación del enfoque de reparación. ¿La disponibilidad de una decisión judicial es una condición para la apreciación del enfoque bilateral de la justicia restaurativa ? Este estudio subraya igualmente la forma en que las víctimas de violencia ubican el enfoque reparador en relación con el sistema judicial.
Palabras clave:
- Víctimas de actos criminales,
- justicia restaurativa,
- justicia procedural,
- justicia penal
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Aertsen, I., Mackay, R., Pelikan, C., Willemsens, J., & Wright, M. (2004). Rebuilding community connections – mediation and restorative justice in Europe. Strasbourg : Council of Europe Publishing.
- Angel, C. (2008). Crime victims meet their offenders : Testing the impact of restorative justice conferences on victims’ post-traumatic stress symptoms. Présentation au XVe Congrès de la Société internationale de criminologie. Barcelone, 20-25 juillet 2008.
- Bazemore, G., & Walgrave, L. (1999). Restorative juvenile justice : In search of fundamentals and an outline for systemic reform. In G. Bazemore & L. Walgrave (Eds.), Restorative juvenile justice : Repairing the harm of youth crime (45-74). Monsey : Criminal Justice Press.
- Bosnjak, M. (2007). Some thoughts on the relationship between restorative justice and the criminal law. In R. Mackay, M. Bosnjak, J. Deklerck, C. Pelikan, B. van Stokkom & M. Wright (Eds.), Images of restorative justice theory (93-111). Frankfurt am Main : Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft.
- Braithwaite, J. (1999). Restorative Justice : Assessing Optimistic and Pessimistic Accounts. Crime and Justice, 25 (1), 1-127.
- Braithwaite, J. (2007). Encourage restorative justice. Criminology & Public Policy, 6 (4), 689-696.
- Christie, N. (1977). Conflict as Property. British Journal of Criminology, 17 (1), 1-15.
- Clemants, E., & Gross, A. (2007). “Why Aren’t We Screening ? ” Examining Domestic Violence Screening Procedures and Training Protocol in Community Mediation Centres. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 24 (4), 413-431.
- Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice : A Construct Validation of a Measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 386-400.
- Daly, K. (2005). A Tale of Two Studies : Restorative Justice from a Victim’s Perspective. In E. Elliott & R. Gordon (Eds.), New directions inRestorative Justice : issues, practice and evaluation (153-175). Cullompton : Willan Publishing.
- Davis, R., & Mulford, C. (2008). Victims Rights and New Remedies, Finally Getting Victims Their Due. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 24 (2), 198-208.
- Doak, J. (2005). Victims’ Rights in Criminal Trials : Prospects for Participation. Journal of Law and Society, 32 (2), 294-316.
- Faget, J. (1997). La médiation pénale. Essai de politique pénale. Toulouse : Erès.
- Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (105-117). Thousand Hope : Sage.
- Herman, J. L. (2005). Justice From the Victim’s Perspective. Violence against women, 11 (5), 571-602.
- Jaccoud, M. (2007). Innovations pénales et justice réparatrice. Champ pénal, 4. En ligne depuis 24 mai 2007.
- Kelly, D. P., & Erez, E. (1997). Victim participation in the criminal justice system. In R. Davis, A. Lurigio, & W. Skogan (Eds.), Victims of crime, Second Edition (231-244). Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications.
- Latimer, J., Dowden, C., & Muise, D. (2005). The effectiveness of restorative justice practices : a meta-analysis. The prison journal, 85 (2), 127-144.
- Liebmann, M. (2007). Restorative Justice, How it Works. London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York : Plenum Press.
- Marshall, T. (1996). The evolution of restorative justice in Britain. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 4 (4), 21-43.
- Martire, R. (2005). Les types de délits référés en médiation aux organismes de justice alternative du Québec. In J.-A. Wemmers, M. Martire & A. Tremblay (Eds.), La médiation et les victimes d’actes criminels. Actes de l’atelier tenu le 15 octobre 2004 à l’Université de Montréal (3-14). Montréal : Centre International de Criminologie Comparée.
- McCold, P., & Wachtel, T. (2000). Restorative Justice Theory Validation. Présenté au Fourth International Conference on Restorative Justice for Juveniles. Tübingen, 1-4 octobre 2000.
- McEvoy, K., Mika, H., & Hudson, B. (2002). Practice, Performance and Prospects for Restorative Justice. British Journal of Criminology, 42 (3), 469-475.
- Miers, D., & Aertsen, I. (Eds.) (à venir). Regulating Restorative Justice : A comparative study of legislative provision in European countries. Frankfurt am Main : Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft.
- Poulson, B. (2003). A Third Voice : A Review of Empirical Research on the Psychological Outcomes of Restorative Justice. Utah Law Review, 15 (1), 167-203.
- Poupart, J., & Lalonde, M. (1998). La méthodologie qualitative au Québec, de 1960 à 1985. La Recherche Qualitative. Diversité des champs et des pratiques au Québec. Montréal : Gaetan Morin.
- Roche, D. (2002). Restorative justice and the regulatory state in South African Townships. British Journal of Criminology, 42 (3), 514-533.
- Roche, D. (2006). Dimensions of Restorative Justice. Journal of Social Issues, 62 (2), 217-238.
- Rugge, T., Bonta, J., & Wallace-Capretta, S. (2005). Evaluation of the Collaborative Justice Project : A Restorative Justice Program for Serious Crime. Ottawa : Public Safety Canada.
- Rugge, T., & Scott, T.-L. (2009). Restorative Justice’s Impact on Participants’ Psychological and Physical Health. Ottawa : Public Safety Canada.
- Shapland, J., Atkinson, A., Atkinson, H., Chapman, B., Dignan, J., Howes, M., Johnstone, J., Robinson, G., & Sorsby, A. (2007). Restorative justice : the views of victims and offenders. The third report from the evaluation of three schemes. London : Ministry of Justice.
- Shapland, J., Atkinson, A., Atkinson, H., Colledge, E., Dignan, J., Howes, M., Johnstone, J., Robinson, G., & Sorsby, A. (2006). Situating restorative justice within criminal justice. Theoretical Criminology, 10 (4), 505-532.
- Shapland, J., Willmore, J., & Duff, P. (1985). Victims in the Criminal Justice System. Aldershot : Gower Publishing.
- Sherman, L., & Strang, H. (2007). Restorative justice : the evidence. London : The Smith Institute.
- Strang, H., & Sherman, L. (2003). Repairing the Harm : Victims and Restorative Justice. Utah Law Review, 15 (1), 15-42.
- Strang, H., Sherman, L., Angel, C. M., Woods, D. J., Bennett, S., Newbury-Birch, D., & Inkpen, N. (2006). Victim Evaluations of Face-to-Face Restorative Justice Conferences : A Quasi-Experimental Analysis. Journal of Social Issues, 62 (2), 281-306.
- Stubbs, J. (2002). Domestic Violence and Women’s Safety : Feminist Challenges to Restorative Justice. In H. Strang & J. Braithwaite (Eds.), Restorative justice and family violence (42-62). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice : A Psychological Analysis, Hillsdale : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
- Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A Relational Model of Authority in Groups’. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25 (115-191). New York : Academic.
- Umbreit, M. S., Coates, R. B., & Vos, B. (2002). The Impact of Restorative Justice Conferencing : A Review of 63 Empirical Studies in 5 Countries. Minnesota : Regents of the University of Minnesota.
- Van den Bos, K. (1996). Procedural Justice and Conflict. Thèse de doctorat. Leiden University, Leiden.
- Van den Bos, K., & Lind, E. A. (2002). Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgements. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 1-59.
- Van Ness, D. (1997). Legislating for Restorative Justice. Paper presented at Drafting Juvenile Justice Legislation : An International Workshop, Cape Town, Afrique du Sud, 4-6 novembre 1997.
- Van Ness, D. (2002). Creating Restorative Systems. Modified version of a paper prepared for presentation to the fifth international conference of the International Network for Research on Restorative Justice for Juveniles, Positioning Restorative Justice, Leuven, 16-19 septembre 2001.
- Van Ness, D. (2005). An overview of restorative justice around the world. Paper presented at the Eleventh United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Bangkok, Thailande, 18-25 avril 2005.
- Van Ness, D. & Heetderks-Strong, K. (1997). Restoring justice. Cincinanati : Anderson Publishing Company.
- Wemmers, J-A. (1996). Victims in the criminal justice system. Amsterdam : Kugler Publications.
- Wemmers, J-A. (2002a). Une justice réparatrice pour les victimes. Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique et scientifique, 2, 156-164.
- Wemmers, J-A. (2002b). Restorative Justice. The Choice between Bilateral Decision-making Power and Third Party Intervention. In B. Williams (Ed.), Reparation and Victim-Focused Social Work (34-44). London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Wemmers, J-A., & Canuto, M. (2002). Expériences, attentes et perceptions des victimes à l’égard de la justice réparatrice : Analyse documentaire critique. Ottawa : Ministère de la Justice du Canada.
- Wemmers, J-A., & Cousineau, M.-M. (2005). Victims’ Needs and Conjugal Violence : Do victims want decision-making power ? Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 22 (4), 493-508.
- Wemmers, J-A., Cousineau, M.-M., & Demers, J. (2004). Les besoins des victimes de violence conjugale en matière de justice. Résultats d’une étude exploratoire qualitative auprès de victimes et d’intervenantes en maisons d’hébergement. Montréal : Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la violence familiale et la violence faite aux femmes (CRI-VIFF).
- Wemmers, J-A., Cousineau, M.-M., & Martire, R. (2003). Justice réparatrice, besoins des victimes et violence conjugale : Les victimes désirent-elles un pouvoir de décision ? Le Journal International de Victimologie, 1 (4).
- Wemmers, J-A., & Cyr, K. (2004). Victims’ perspectives on restorative justice : How Much Involvement Are Victims Looking For ? International Review of Victimology, 11, 259-274.
- Wemmers, J-A., & Cyr, K. (2005). Can Mediation Be Therapeutic for Crime Victims ? An Evaluation of Victims’ Experiences in Mediation with Young Offenders. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 47 (3), 527-544.
- Wemmers, J-A., & Cyr, K. (2006). What fairness means to crime victims : a social psychological perspective on victim-offender mediation. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 2 (2), 102-128.
- Wheeldon, J. (2009). Finding common ground : restorative justice and its theoretical construction(s). Contemporary Justice Review,12 (1), 91-100.
- Woolford, A., & Ratner, R. S. (2010). Disrupting the informal-formal justice complex : on the transformative potential of civil mediation, restorative justice and reparations politics. Contemporary Justice Review,13 (1), 5-17.
- Zehr, H. (1990). Changing lenses. Scottsdale : Herald Press.
- Zehr, H., & Mika, H. (1998). Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justice. Contemporary Justice Review, 1 (1), 47-55.