Abstracts
Abstract
This article examines the intersecting dynamics of wildfire-driven displacement and housing pressures in the Central Okanagan region of British Columbia. Drawing on quantitative mobility data and semi-structured interviews with planners, housing advocates, and insurance professionals, we explore how housing affordability and climate crises exacerbate each other. Findings reveal a compounding housing-climate nexus: as climate disasters displace residents, housing unaffordability and the dynamics of land use planning in the region complicate wildfire disaster. We call for integrated planning and policy responses that address both housing affordability and climate resilience and highlight the urgent need for short- and long-term planning reforms alongside cross-sectoral collaboration.
Keywords:
- housing,
- wildfires,
- climate displacement,
- land use planning
Résumé
Cet article examine les dynamiques croisées du déplacement causé par les incendies de forêt et des pressions liées au logement dans la région du Centre de l’Okanagan, en Colombie-Britannique. En nous appuyant sur des données quantitatives sur la mobilité et des entretiens semi-structurés avec des urbanistes, des défenseurs du logement et des professionnels de l’assurance, nous explorons comment la crise de l’abordabilité du logement et celle du climat s’aggravent mutuellement. Les résultats révèlent un nœud logement-climat aux effets cumulatifs : alors que les catastrophes climatiques déplacent les résidents, l’inabordabilité du logement et les dynamiques d’aménagement du territoire compliquent la gestion des incendies. Nous appelons à des réponses intégrées en matière d’aménagement et de politiques, qui tiennent compte à la fois de l’abordabilité du logement et de la résilience climatique, et soulignons l’urgence de réformes en aménagement à court et à long terme, ainsi que la nécessité d’une collaboration intersectorielle.
Mots-clés :
- logement,
- incendies de forêt,
- déplacement climatique,
- aménagement du territoire
Appendices
Bibliography
- Angelo, H., MacFarlane, K., Sirigotis, J., & Millard-Ball, A. (2022). Missing the Housing for the Trees: Equity in Urban Climate Planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 0739456X211072527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X211072527
- Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J. T., Pearsall, H., Shokry, G., Checker, M., Maantay, J., Gould, K., Lewis, T., Maroko, A., & Timmons Roberts, J. (2019). Opinion: Why Green ‘Climate Gentrification’ Threatens Poor and Vulnerable Populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (52): 26139–43.
- Asiyanbi, A., & Davidsen, C. (2023). Governing Wildfire Risk in Canada: The Rise of an Apparatus of Security. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 113(5), 1207–1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2023.2175638
- Askland, H. H., Shannon, B., Chiong, R., Lockart, N., Maguire, A., Rich, J., & Groizard, J. (2022). Beyond Migration: A Critical Review of Climate Change Induced Displacement. Environmental Sociology, 8 (3): 267–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2022.2042888.
- Auer, M. R. (2021). Considering equity in wildfire protection. Sustainability Science, 16(6), 2163–2169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01024-8
- Auer, M. R., & Hexamer, B. E. (2022). Income and Insurability as Factors in Wildfire Risk. Forests, 13(7), 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13071130
- BC Public Service. (2024). Transit Oriented Development Areas - Province of British Columbia. Government of British Columbia. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/housing-tenancy/local-governments-and-housing/housing-initiatives/transit-oriented-development-areas.
- Besbris, M., Elliott, R., Cohen, D. A., & Gourevitch, R. (2024). The Housing Regime as a Barrier to Climate Action. Npj Climate Action, 3 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-024-00150-0.
- Best, K., & Jouzi, Z. (2022). Climate Gentrification: Methods, Gaps, and Framework for Future Research. Frontiers in Climate, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.828067
- Beverly, J. L., & Bothwell, P. (2011). Wildfire evacuations in Canada 1980–2007. Natural Hazards, 59(1), 571–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9777-9
- Billings, M. C., Carroll, M. S., and Paveglio, T. B. (2025). Location, Location, Location: The Influence of Local Social Complexity on Risk Reduction Strategies in a WUI Settlement. Journal of Forestry, 123 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44392-024-00008-7.
- Blok, A. (2020). Urban green gentrification in an unequal world of climate change. Urban Studies, 57(14), 2803–2816.
- Boas, I., Farbotko, C., Adams, H., Sterly, H., Bush, S., van der Geest, K., Wiegel, H. et al. (2019). Climate Migration Myths. Nature Climate Change, 9 (12): 901–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0633-3.
- Bourassa, K. J. (2021). State-Level Stay-at-Home Orders and Objectively Measured Movement in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine, 83(4), 358. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000905
- British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy (2021). Climate Preparedness and Adaptation Strategy: Actions for 2022-2025. Report prepared for the Government of British Columbia, Victoria, BC. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/planning-and-action
- British Columbia Ministry of Housing (2023). Homes for People Action Plan. Report prepared for the Government of British Columbia, Victoria, BC. https://strongerbc.gov.bc.ca/housing/
- Brown, H., & Teixeira, C. (2015). Aging-in-Place in a Mid-sized Canadian City: A Case Study of the Housing Experiences of Seniors in Kelowna’s Housing Market. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 10(3), Article 3. https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/view/1132
- Buxton, M. & Butt, A. (2018). The Future of the Fringe: The Crisis in Peri-Urban Planning. Csiro Publishing.
- Buxton, M., Haynes, R., Mercer, D., & Butt, A. (2011). Vulnerability to Bushfire Risk at Melbourne’s Urban Fringe: The Failure of Regulatory Land Use Planning. Geographical Research, 49 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2010.00670.x.
- Chapple, K., Olshansky, R., Harris, M. Kerchof, C., Finkel, J., Ganetsos, D., Gutierrez, M. Goldov, H., Mathews, L. Ulrey, B., Willey, L., & Wilson, S. (2021). Rebuilding for a Resilient Recovery: Planning in California’s Wildland Urban Interface. Next 10. https://www.next10.org/publications/rebuilding-resilient
- Christianson, A. C., Johnston, L. M., Oliver, J. A., Watson, D., Young, D., MacDonald, H., Little, J., Macnab, B., & Gonzalez Bautista, N. (2024). Wildland Fire Evacuations in Canada from 1980 to 2021. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 33 (7). https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23097.
- Collins, T. W. (2008). The political ecology of hazard vulnerability: Marginalization, facilitation and the production of differential risk to urban wildfires in Arizona’s White Mountains. Journal of Political Ecology, 15(1), 21–43.
- Conlisk, E., Butsic, V., Syphard, A. D., Evans, S., & Jennings, M. (2024). Evidence of increasing wildfire damage with decreasing property price in Southern California fires. PLOS ONE, 19(4), e0300346. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300346
- Connolly, J. J. T. (2025). The Implications of Climate Gentrification for Urban Climate Action. Nature Climate Change, March, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02265-6.
- Coogan, S. C. P., Daniels, L. D., Boychuk, D., Burton, P. J., Flannigan, M. D., Gauthier, S., Kafka, V., Park, J. S., & Wotton, B. M. (2021). Fifty Years of Wildland Fire Science in Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 51 (2): 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0314.
- Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications.
- Currie, M. A. & Sorensen, J. (2019). Repackaged ‘Urban Renewal’: Issues of Spatial Equity and Environmental Justice in New Construction, Suburban Neighborhoods, and Urban Islands of Infill. Journal of Urban Affairs, 41 (4): 464–85.
- Daniels, L. D., Dickson-Hoyle, S., Baron, J. N., Copes-Gerbitz, K., Flannigan, M. D., Castellanos-Acuna, D., Hoffman, K. M., et al. (2025). The 2023 Wildfires in British Columbia, Canada: Impacts, Drivers, and Transformations to Coexist with Wildfire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 55 (January):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2024-0092.
- Davis, M. (1995). The Case for Letting Malibu Burn. Environmental History Review, 19(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/3984830
- Elliott, J. R. & Pais, J. (2006). Race, Class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social Differences in Human Responses to Disaster. Social Science Research, Katrina in New Orleans/Special Issue on Contemporary Research on the Family, 35 (2): 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.02.003.
- Eriksen, C., & Simon, G. (2017). The Affluence–Vulnerability Interface: Intersecting scales of risk, privilege and disaster. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 49(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16669511
- Erni, S., Johnston, L., Boulanger, Y., Manka, F., Bernier, P., Eddy, B., Christianson, A., Swystun, T., & Gauthier, S. (2021). Exposure of the Canadian wildland–human interface and population to wildland fire, under current and future climate conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 51(9), 1357–1367. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0422
- Erni, S., Wang, X., Swystun, T., Taylor, S. W., Parisien, M.-A., Robinne, F.-N., Eddy, B., Oliver, J., Armitage, B., & Flannigan, M. D. (2024). Mapping wildfire hazard, vulnerability, and risk to Canadian communities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 101, 104221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104221
- Feng, J. (2018). Housing Affordability in Canada: The Vancouver and Toronto Experience Special Report: Millennials and the Sharing Economy. LawNow, 43(2), 33–38.
- Flannigan, M. D., Krawchuk, M. A., de Groot, W. J., Wotton, B. M., & Gowman, L. M. (2009). Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. International journal of wildland fire, 18(5), 483-507.
- Forouhar, A., Chapple, K., Pokharel, R., & Allen, J. (2025). Transit-driven resilience: Unraveling post-COVID-19 urban recovery dynamics. Journal of Transport Geography, 128, 104327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2025.104327
- Fussell, E. (2015). The Long-Term Recovery of New Orleans’ Population After Hurricane Katrina. American Behavioral Scientist, 59 (10): 1231–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215591181.
- Google Maps Earth Engine. (2025). Kelowna and the Central Okanagan, British Columbia. Google. https://earthengine.google.com/timelapse#v=49.88794,-119.49601,10.499,latLng&t=1.35&ps=50&bt=19840101&et=20221231
- Gosnell, H. & Abrams, J. (2011). Amenity Migration: Diverse Conceptualizations of Drivers, Socioeconomic Dimensions, and Emerging Challenges. GeoJournal, 76 (4): 303–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9295-4.
- Gotham, K. F. & Greenberg, M. (2014). Crisis Cities: Disaster and Redevelopment in New York and New Orleans. Oxford University Press.
- Government of British Columbia. (2024). Housing target orders. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/housing-tenancy/local-governments-and-housing/housing-targets/orders
- Government of Canada. 2024. “Housing Affordability in Canada.” September 10, 2024. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240910/dq240910b-eng.htm.
- Greenberg, M. (2021). Seeking Shelter: How Housing and Urban Exclusion Shape Exurban Disaster. Sociologica, 15(1), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/11869
- Greenberg, M., Angelo, H., Losada, E., & Wilmers, C. C. (2024). Relational geographies of urban unsustainability: the entanglement of California’s housing crisis with WUI growth and climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(32), e2310080121.
- He, Z., Hu, Y., Duan, L. L., & Michailidis, G. (2024). Returners and explorers dichotomy in the face of natural hazards. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 13184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64087-4
- Hertelendy, A. J., Howard, C., Sorensen, C., Ranse, J., Eboreime, E., Henderson, S., Tochkin, J., & Ciottone, G. (2024). Seasons of Smoke and Fire: Preparing Health Systems for Improved Performance before, during, and after Wildfires. The Lancet Planetary Health, 8 (8): e588–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00144-X.
- Hesse-Biber, S. (2010a). Emerging Methodologies and Methods Practices in the Field of Mixed Methods Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 415–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410364607
- Hesse-Biber, S. (2010b). Qualitative Approaches to Mixed Methods Practice. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410364611
- Hoyer, D., Bennett, J. S., Reddish, J., Holder, S., Howard, R., Benam, M., ... & Turchin, P. (2023). Navigating polycrisis: long-run socio-cultural factors shape response to changing climate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 378(1889), 20220402.
- Jain, P., Barber, Q. E., Taylor, S. W., Whitman, E., Castellanos Acuna, D., Boulanger, Y., Chavardès, R. D., Chen, J., Englefield, P., Flannigan, M., Girardin, M. P., Hanes, C. C., Little, J., Morrison, K., Skakun, R. S., Thompson, D. K., Wang, X., & Parisien, M.-A. (2024). Drivers and Impacts of the Record-Breaking 2023 Wildfire Season in Canada. Nature Communications, 15(1), 6764. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51154-7
- Johnston, L. M., Flannigan, M. D., Johnston, L. M., & Flannigan, M. D. (2017). Mapping Canadian wildland fire interface areas. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 27(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16221
- Johnston, L. M., Wang, X., Erni, S., Taylor, S. W., McFayden, C. B., Oliver, J. A., Stockdale, C., Christianson, A., Boulanger, Y., Gauthier, S., Arseneault, D., Wotton, B. M., Parisien, M.-A., & Flannigan, M. D. (2020). Wildland fire risk research in Canada. Environmental Reviews, 28(2), 164–186. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0046
- Johnson, M. P., Belloy, P., MacLean, H., & Kandel, S. (2021). Climate and housing crisis: A research agenda for urban communities. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
- Jones, A., & Teixeira, C. (2015). Housing Experiences of Single Mothers in Kelowna’s Rental Housing Market. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 24(2), 117–137.
- Karl, F. (2013). “Sorry, already rented”: A case study of the housing experiences of immigrant women in the mid-size city of Kelowna [University of British Columbia]. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0073648
- Keenan, J. M., Hill, T., & Gumber, A. (2018). Climate Gentrification: From Theory to Empiricism in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (5): 054001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabb32.
- Kim, B., Kay, D. L., & Schuldt, J. P. (2021). Will I Have to Move Because of Climate Change? Perceived Likelihood of Weather- or Climate-Related Relocation among the US Public. Climatic Change, 165 (1): 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03026-y.
- Kramer, H. A., Butsic, V., Mockrin, M. H., Ramirez-Reyes, C., Alexandre, P. M., & Radeloff, V. C. (2021). Post-wildfire rebuilding and new development in California indicates minimal adaptation to fire risk. Land Use Policy, 107, 105502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105502
- Krishnan, S., Aydin, N. Y., & Comes, T. (2021). Planning support systems for long-term climate resilience: a critical review. Urban Informatics and Future Cities, 465-498.
- Lambrou, N., Kolden, C., Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Anjum, E., & Acey, A. (2023). Social Drivers of Vulnerability to Wildfire Disasters: A Review of the Literature. Landscape and Urban Planning, 237 (September):104797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104797.
- Lambrou, N., Kolden, C., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2025). Disaster Recovery Gentrification in Post-Wildfire Landscapes: The Case of Paradise, CA. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 118 (February):105235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105235.
- Lambrou, N., Kolden, C., Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Li, X. (2025). Housing and economic recovery as interdependent pathways in the wake of wildfires. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 105820.
- Lawrence, J., Blackett, P., & Cradock-Henry, N. A. (2020). Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk Management, 29, 100234.
- Lewis, S. E. (2010). White picket fences: Whiteness, urban Aboriginal women and housing market discrimination in Kelowna, British Columbia [University of British Columbia]. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0070923
- Lee, C.-C., Chou, C., & Mostafavi, A. (2022). Specifying evacuation return and home-switch stability during short-term disaster recovery using location-based data. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20384-4
- Martín, C. (2022). Exploring climate change in US housing policy. Housing Policy Debate, 32(1), 1-13.
- Matteucci, M., Best, K., McKendry, C. (2024). Multi-Stakeholder Perspectives on Climate Gentrification in Miami-Dade, Florida. Urban Climate, 58 (November):102238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102238.
- McConnell, K. (2022). Wildfires, Housing Access, and Human Mobility. PhD Dissertation, Yale University.
- McConnell, K., Fussell, E., DeWaard, J. et al. (2024). Rare and highly destructive wildfires drive human migration in the U.S.. Nat Communications, 15, 6631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50630-4
- McConnell, K., & Braneon, C. V. (2024). Post-wildfire neighborhood change: Evidence from the 2018 Camp Fire. Landscape and Urban Planning, 247, 104997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104997
- Méndez, M., Flores-Haro, G., & Zucker, L. (2020). The (in)visible victims of disaster: Understanding the vulnerability of undocumented Latino/a and indigenous immigrants. Geoforum, 116, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.007
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. SAGE Publications.
- Milinski, M. (2021). Chapter 10: The Collective Risk Social Dilemma. In A. Franzen & S. Mader (eds.), Research Handbook on Environmental Sociology. https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781800370449/9781800370449.00019.xml.
- Natural Resources Canada, Natural Resources. (2023). Canada’s Record-Breaking Wildfires in 2023: A Fiery Wake-up Call. September 7, 2023. https://natural-resources.canada.ca/stories/simply-science/canada-s-record-breaking-wildfires-2023-fiery-wake-call.
- O’Malley, I. & McDermott, J. (2023). Concerns over ‘climate Gentrification’ Rise after Devastating Fire in Maui. PBS News, August 18, 2023, sec. Politics. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/concerns-over-climate-gentrification-rise-after-devastating-fire-in-maui.
- Planas-Carbonell, A., Anguelovski, I., Oscilowicz, E., Pérez-del-Pulgar, C., Shokry, G. (2023). From Greening the Climate-Adaptive City to Green Climate Gentrification? Civic Perceptions of Short-Lived Benefits and Exclusionary Protection in Boston, Philadelphia, Amsterdam and Barcelona. Urban Climate, 48 (March):101295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101295.
- Phillips, B. (1997). Qualitative Methods and Disaster Research. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, 15(1), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/028072709701500110
- Phillips, B. D. (2014). Qualitative Disaster Research. Oxford University Press.
- Potenteau, D. (2024, January 31). Central Okanagan population projected to jump 120K by 2046—Okanagan. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10264576/central-okanagan-population-2046/
- Preston, V., Murdie, R., Wedlock, J., Agrawal, S., Anucha, U., D’addario, S., Kwak, M. J., Logan, J., & Murnaghan, A. M. (2009). Immigrants and homelessness—At risk in Canada’s outer suburbs. Canadian Geographies / Géographies Canadiennes, 53(3), 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00264.x
- Radeloff, V. C., Helmers, D. P., Kramer, H. A., Mockrin, M. H., Alexandre, P. M., Bar-Massada, A., Butsic, V., Hawbaker, T. J., Martinuzzi, S., Syphard, A. D., & Stewart, S. I. (2018). Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(13), 3314–3319. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718850115
- Rufat, S., & Kuhlicke, C. (2025). Climate Captivity: When in-situ Adaptation and Moving Out Are No Longer Options. Progress in Environmental Geography, 27539687251378494. https://doi.org/10.1177/27539687251378494
- Sax, D. L., Nesbitt, L., & Hagerman, S. (2023). Expelled from the garden? Understanding the dynamics of green gentrification in Vancouver, British Columbia. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(3), 2008–2028. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221123134
- Schewel, K. (2023). Who Counts as a Climate Migrant? Migrationpolicy.Org. July 20, 2023. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/who-is-a-climate-migrant.
- Sharygin, E. (2021). Estimating migration impacts of wildfire: California’s 2017 North Bay fires. The demography of disasters: Impacts for population and place, 49-70.
- Shokry, G., Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J. T., Maroko, A., & Pearsall, H. (2021). ‘They Didn’t See It Coming’: Green Resilience Planning and Vulnerability to Future Climate Gentrification. Housing Policy Debate, 1–35.
- Short, J. R., & Farmer, A. (2021). Cities and climate change. Earth, 2(4), 1038-1045.
- Simon, G. L. (2014). Vulnerability-in-Production: A Spatial History of Nature, Affluence, and Fire in Oakland, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(6), 1199–1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.941736
- Statistics Canada (2022) Core housing need in Canada. Accessed online August 8, 2024. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2022056-eng.htm
- Statistics Canada (2024) Nationally, renters report lower quality of life than homeowners. Accessed online August 8, 2024. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240219/dq240219b-eng.htm
- Stoler, J., Painter, M. A., Sharygin, E., & Shah, S. H. (2025). The rise of hazard gentrification. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 126, 105618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105618
- Teixeira, C. (2011). Finding a Home of Their Own: Immigrant Housing Experiences in Central Okanagan, British Columbia, and Policy Recommendations for Change. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale, 12(2), 173–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-011-0181-9
- Tretter, E., & Heyman, R. (2022). YIMBYISM AND THE HOUSING CRISIS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES: A Critical Reflection. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 46(2), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13062
- Vrabic, K. (2020). “Better to be paranoid than sorry": Women’s housing experiences in the city of Kelowna [University of British Columbia]. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0394409
- Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., Chen, X., Wu, H., Wang, W., Su, H., et al. (2024). Severe Global Environmental Issues Caused by Canada’s Record-Breaking Wildfires in 2023. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 41 (4): 565–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-023-3241-0.
- Wotton, B. M., Flannigan, M. D., & Marshall, G. A. (2017). “Potential Climate Change Impacts on Fire Intensity and Key Wildfire Suppression Thresholds in Canada.” Environmental Research Letters 12 (9): 095003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7e6e.
- Xu, Z., & van Kooten, G. C. (Eds.). (2013). Living with Wildfire: The Impact of Historic Fires on Property Values in Kelowna, BC. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.157316
- Yang, C. W., Denier, N., St-Denis, X., & Waite, S. (2025). Studying individuals in same-sex couples using longitudinal administrative data from Canadian tax records: Opportunities and challenges. Demographic Research, 52, 25–70.