Abstracts
Abstract
This study addresses the lack of knowledge about the relationship between school principals’ self-efficacy related to work, transformative leadership, and disposition to resist change. One hundred and twenty-six respondents completed three measurement scales: the Scale of School Principals’ Self-Efficacy, the Self-Reported Leadership Scale, and the Resistance to Change Scale. The results indicate that there are links between different dimensions of school principals’ self-efficacy related to work and dispositional resistance to change and that certain dimensions of transformative leadership play an intermediate role in these relationships. These results are discussed in the light of theories and studies relating to the three concepts.
Keywords:
- Self-efficacy,
- dispositional resistance to change,
- school principal,
- leadership
Résumé
Cette étude s’intéresse à la méconnaissance des relations entre le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle lié au travail, le leadership transformatif et la disposition à résister au changement des directeurs d’établissement d’enseignement. Cent vingt-six répondants ont rempli trois instruments de mesure, soit l’Échelle du sentiment d’efficacité personnelle des directeurs d’école, l’Échelle de leadership transformatif du directeur d’école et l’Échelle de disposition à résister au changement. Les résultats indiquent qu’il existe des relations entre différentes dimensions du sentiment d’efficacité lié au travail et de la disposition à résister des directeurs d’établissement d’enseignement et que certaines dimensions du leadership transformatif jouent un rôle intermédiaire dans ces relations. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière des théories et des études relatives à ces trois concepts.
Mots-clés :
- Sentiment d’efficacité personnelle,
- disposition à résister au changement,
- leadership,
- directeur d’établissements d’enseignement
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Bibliography
- Allison, L. (2007). The effects of person-organization fit, needs-supplies fit, and type of change on resistance to change. [Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/openview/1df99d7788d0102a383e150cc03bd6f6/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
- Angel, V., & Steiner, D. D. (2013). “Je pense, donc je résiste” : théorie de justice et personnalité dans l’explication de la résistance au changement [“I think, therefore I resist”: theory of justice and personality in explaining resistance to change]. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 1(26), 61–99. https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-psychologie-sociale-2013-1-page-61.htm
- Anggreini, F., Hasyim, H., & Kusumapradja, R. (2022). Causality analysis of resistance to change in hospital: Transformational leadership, communication and emotional intelligence approaches. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.2.1322
- Arcand, M. (2011). La gestion stratégique du changement : conceptions théoriques, modèles diagnostiques et choix de l’intervention [Strategic change management: theoretical concepts, diagnostic models and intervention choices]. Éditions Nouvelles.
- Armenakis, A. A., Bernerth, J. B., Pitts, J. P., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Organizational change recipients’ beliefs scale: Development of an assessment instrument. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(4), 481–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307303654
- Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600601
- Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. SAGE Publications.
- Bandura, A. (2007). Auto-efficacité : le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle (2nd ed.). De Boeck Supérieur.
- Bareil, C. (2008). Démystifier la résistance au changement : questions, constats et implications sur l’expérience du changement [Demystifying resistance to change: questions, findings and implications for the experience of change]. Télescope, 14(3), 89–105. https://telescope.enap.ca/telescope/docs/index/vol_14_no_3/telv14n3_bareil.pdf
- Bareil, C. (2010). Les cadres face aux changements [Managers facing change]. Gestion, 34(4), 30. https://doi.org/10.3917/riges.344.0030
- Bareil, C. (2013). Two paradigms about resistance to change. Organization Development Journal, 31(3), 59–71. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1467438141?parentSessionId=sc9fK9cBWA7eCwEHQochhX0e8el6ZQ2nVA6U6dtxsxs%3D
- Bass, B. M. (1985a). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. The Free Press.
- Bass, B. M. (1985b). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Binghamton: State University of New York, School of Management.
- Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). The Free Press.
- Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformation leadership: Industry, military and educational impact. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In R. Chermers, M. M. et Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 49–80). Academic Press.
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Bateh, J., Castameda, M. E. & Farah, J. E. (2013). Employee resistance to organizational change. International Journal of Management & Information Systems, 17(2), 113–116. https://doi. org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i2.7715
- Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
- Bentler, P. M. & Wu, E. J. C. (2006). EQS Structural equations program (6.2). Multivariate Software.
- Boga, I., & Ensari, N. (2009). The role of transformational leadership and organizational change on perceived organizational success. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 12(4), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887150903316248
- Carlsen, B., & Glenton, C. (2011). What about N? A methodological study of sample-size reporting in focus group studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1), Article 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-26
- Cattonar, B., Lessard, C., Blais, J.-G., Larose, F., Riopel, M.-C., Tardif, M., Bourque, J., & Wright, A. (2007). Les directeurs et les directrices d’école au Canada : contexte, profil et travail. Enquêtes pancanadiennes auprès des directions et des enseignants d’écoles primaire et secondaires (2005–2006) [School principals in Canada: context, profil and work. Pan-Canadian surveys of principals and teachers in elementary and secondary schools (2005–2006)]. Chaire de recherche du Canada sur le personnel et les métiers de l’Éducation. https://depot.erudit.org/id/003041dd
- Conseil supérieur de l’éducation. (1999). Diriger une école secondaire: un nouveau contexte, de nouveaux défis [Running a secondary school: a new context, new challenges]. Conseil supérieur de l’éducation.
- Daly, A. J., Der-Martirosian, C., Ong-Dean, C., Park, V., & Wishard-Guerra, A. (2011). Leading under sanction: Principals’ perceptions of threat rigidity, efficacy, and leadership in underperforming schools. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 10(2), 171–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2011.557517
- DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Dussault, M., Frenette, É., & Fernet, C. (2013). Leadership: Validation of a self-report scale. Psychological Reports, 112(2), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.08.pr0.112.2.419-436
- Dussault, M., Valois, P., & Frenette, É. (2007). Validation de l’échelle de leadership transformatif du directeur d’école [Validation of the principal’s transformative leadership scale]. Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, 13(2), 37–52.
- Edwards, A. L. (1957). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. The Dryden Press.
- Fédération autonome de l’enseignement. (2006, November 8). La FAE lance l’appel à la formation d’une coalition pour corriger la réforme de l’éducation [FAE calls for coalition to correct education reform].
- Fernet, C., Austin, S. & Dussault, M. (2009, Nov.). L’importance de la spécificité des rôles professionnels lors de l’évaluation de la perception d’efficacité personnelle des directions d’école [The importance of professional role specificity in assessing principals’ perceived self-efficacy] [Conference presentation]. 31ème Colloque de l’Association pour le Développement des Méthodologies d’évaluation en éducation, Québec, Canada.
- Fortin, M.-F. (2010). Fondements et étapes du processus de recherche : méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives [Foundations and stages of the research process: quantitative and qualitative methods] (2nd ed.). Chenelière éducation.
- Françoise, D. (2016). Pleine-conscience et management: effet de la mindfulness sur la relation au travail et le style de leadership des managers [Mindfulness and management: the effect of mindfulness on managers’ work relationships and leadership style] [Doctoral dissertation, Université Grenoble Alpes]. HAL Theses. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01452592
- Gather Thurler, M. (2000). Innover au cœur de l’établissement scolaire. [Innovation at the heart of the school]. ESF Editeurs.
- Gauthier, B. (2009). Recherche sociale : de la problématique à la collecte des données [Social research: from problem to data collection] (5th ed.). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Geijsel, F., Sleegers, P., Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2003). Transformational leadership effects on teachers’ commitment and effort toward school reform. Journal of Educational Administration, 41(3), 228–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230310474403
- Gélinas-Proulx, A., Jacquin, P., Labelle, J., & Cambron-Prémont, A. (2022). Élaboration d’un questionnaire d’autoévaluation de la compétence interculturelle des directions d’établissement scolaire de langue française au Québec et au Nouveau-Brunswick [Development of a self-assessment scale for the intercultural competence of French-speaking school principals in Quebec and New Brunswick]. Mesure et évaluation en éducation, 45(1), 67–102. https://doi.org/10.7202/1097153ar
- Gouvernement du Québec. (2022). Loi sur l’instruction publique. Recueil des lois et des règlements du Québec. https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/document/lc/I-13.3/20010701
- Hadchiti, R. Frenette, E. Dussault, M., & D’amours-Raymond, J. (2017). Elaboration d’un questionnaire sur le mentorat reçu par les directions d’établissement scolaire primaire et secondaire au Québec [Development of a scale on mentoring received by elementary and secondary school principals in Quebec]. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 40(3), 26–59. https://journals.sfu.ca/cje/index.php/cje-rce/article/view/2258
- Higgs, M., & Rowland, D. (2005). All changes great and small: Exploring approaches to change and its leadership. Journal of Change Management, 5(2), 121–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500082902
- Holt, D., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886306295295
- Holt, D. T., Helfrich, C. D., Hall, C. G., & Weiner, B. J. (2010). Are you ready? How health professionals can comprehensively conceptualize readiness for change. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1112-8
- Howell, D. C. (2008). Méthodes statistiques en sciences humaines [Statistical methods in human sciences] (2nd ed.). De Boeck Supérieur.
- Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Hyland, P. K. (2007). Resistance to organizational change: The impact of followers’ disposition toward change and supervisors’ leadership style. [Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University].
- Inchauspé, P. (2007). Pour l’école : lettres à un enseignant sur la réforme des programmes [For school: letters to a teacher on curriculum reform]. Éditions Liber.
- IsaBelle, C. (2013). Directions et futures directions d’école franco-canadienne : sentiment d’efficacité personnelle de leurs compétences pour gérer une école en contexte de valorisation linguistique et culturelle [Principals and future principals of French-Canadian schools: self-efficacy of their skills to manage a school in a context of linguistic and cultural valorization]. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 36(3), 204–228. https://journals.sfu.ca/cje/index.php/cje-rce/article/view/1658
- Johns, G. M. (2021). A quantitative analysis of resistance to change and psychological capital (Order No. 28773776) [Doctoral dissertation, Keiser University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/quantitative-analysis-resistance-change/docview/2597492546/se-2
- Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Kotter, J. P., & Schlesinger, L. A.. (1979). Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 106–114. https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/sdpfellowship/files/day3_2_choosing_strategies_for_change.pdf
- Kotter, J. P., & Schlesinger, L. A. (2008). Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review, 86(7), 130–139. https://hbr.org/2008/07/choosing-strategies-for-change
- Ladouceur, R., & Bégin, G. (1986). Protocoles de recherche en sciences appliquées et fondamentales [Research protocols in applied and basic sciences] (2nd ed.). Edisem.
- Laflamme, S., & Zhou, R.-M. (2014). Méthodes statistiques en sciences humaines [Statistical methods in human sciences]. Éditions Prise de parole.
- Lakens, D. (2022). Sample size justification. Collabra: Psychology, 8(1), 33267. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33267
- Larouche, C., Beauchesne, R., Boucher, C., Deschenaux, F., Gauthier, R., Huot, A., … Vachon, I. (2023). Module 2: Aperçu sociohistorique. In Site internet Organisation de l’éducation au Québec (OEQ). Université du Québec. https://oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca/portail/gscw031?owa_no_site=1839
- Legendre, R. (2005). Dictionnaire actuel de l’éducation [Current Dictionary of Education] (3rd ed.). Guérin.
- Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why items versus parcels controvery needn’t be one. Psychological Reports, 18(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033266
- Loi Zedda, M., Frenette, E., Thibodeau, S., et Forget, P. (2024). Échelle de disposition à résister au changement (ÉDRAC) : Adaptation transculturelle en contexte québécois de la "Resistance to Change scale (RTC)". Revue des sciences de l’éducation de McGill / McGill Journal of Education, 58(3), 230-259.
- Loi Zedda, M., Thibodeau, S. & Forget, P. (2017). Vers une meilleure compréhension de la résistance au changement des directeurs d’école [Towards a better understanding of principals’ resistance to change]. Sens public. http://sens-public.org/article1253.html
- Marín, J. R. (2013). The relationship between ethnicity, self-efficacy, and beliefs about diversity to instructional and transformational leadership practices of urban school principals [Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/openview/1d40e4ea2ec5d77c23750ee44fbbf7bc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T. & Balla, J. (1998). Is more ever too much : The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33(2), 181–220. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3302_1
- McCormick, M. J., Tanguma, J. & Lopez-Forment, A. S. (2002). Extending self-efficacy theory to leadership: A review and empirical test. Journal of Leadership Education, 1(2), 34–49. https://journalofleadershiped.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1_2_McCormick_Tanguma_Lopez-Forment.pdf
- Ministère de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS). (2008). La formation à la gestion d’un établissement d’enseignement: les orientations et les compétences professionnelles [School management training: orientations and professional skills]. Gouvernement du Québec. http://www.education.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/site_web/documents/reseau/formation_titularisation/07-00881.pdf
- Naing, L., Winn, T., & Rusli, B. N. (2006). Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 1, 9–14.
- Nguni, S., Sleegers, P. J. C., & Denessen, E. (2006). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 145–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565746
- Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Oreg, S. (2003). Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 680–693. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.680
- Oreg, S., & Berson, Y. (2011). Leadership and employees’ reactions to change: The role of leaders’ personal attributes and transformational leadership style. Personnel Psychology, 64(3), 627–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01221.x
- Oreg, S., & Goldenberg, J. (2015). Resistance to innovation: Its sources and manifestations. The University of Chicago Press.
- Oreg, S., Vaklova, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550
- Poirel, E., & Yvon, F. (2012). Le leadership distribué: l’épreuve des réformes éducatives [How have educational reforms affected distributed leadership?]. Éducation et francophonie, 40(1), 94–118. https://doi.org/10.7202/1010148ar
- Rafferty, A. E., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2018). Individual and external coping resources as predictors of employees’ change attitudes. In M. Vakola & P. Petrou (Eds.), Organizational change: Psychological effects and strategies for coping (pp. 47–64). Routledge.
- Sashkin, M. (2004). Transformational leadership approaches: A review and synthesis. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (p. 438). SAGE Publications.
- Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N., & de Billy, C. (2014). Comportement humain et organisation [Human behavior and organization]. (5th ed.). ERPI.
- Smith, R. E. (2013). Insecure commitment and resistance: An examination of change leadership, self-efficacy, and trust on the relationship between job insecurity, employee commitment, and resistance to organizational change. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. https://hdl.handle.net/11299/161089
- St-Germain, P. (2008). Petite histoire d’une lutte contre la réforme [A short story of the fight against reform]. In R. Comeau & J. Lavallée (Eds.), Contrer la réforme pédagogique (pp. 15–27). VLB éditeur.
- Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 25(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
- Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
- Thornburg, D. G., & Mungai, A. (2011). Teacher empowerment and school reform. Journal of Ethographic & Qualitative Research, 5(4), 205–217.
- Toussaint, P., & Malette, D. (2023). Module 8: Réforme et curriculum. Dans Site internet Organisation de l’éducation au Québec (OEQ). Université du Québec. https://oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca/portail/gscw031?owa_no_site=1839
- Trochim, W. M. K., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). Research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Atomic Dog/Cengage Learning.
- Tschannen‐Moran, M., & Gareis, C. R. (2004). Principals’ sense of efficacy: Assessing a promising construct. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(5), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230410554070
- Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, L. S. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291170
- Virga, J. J., Jr. (2012). Examining the perceptions and sources of the self-efficacy beliefs of principals of high-achieving elementary schools. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. Digital Repository at the University of Maryland. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/13141
- Walumbwa, F. O., Lawler, J. J., Avolio, B. J., Wang, P., & Shi, K. (2005). Transformational leadership and work-related attitudes: The moderating effects of collective and self-efficacy across cultures. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(3), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100301
- Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.132
- Yammarino, F. J., Spangler, W. D., & Bass, B. M. (1993). Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 4(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(93)90005-e
- Yu, H., Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2002). The effects of transformational leadership on teachers’ commitment to change in Hong Kong. Journal of Educational Administration, 40(4), 368–389. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230210433436
- Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.
- Yvon, F., Béguin, M., & Bareil, C. (2019). Accompagner le changement [Supporting change]. In J.-M. Huguenin, F. Yvon & D. Perrenoud (Eds.), Relever les défis contemporains dans la gestion des établissements scolaires (pp. 285–323). L’Harmattan.
10.7202/1097153ar