IT:

I criteri che guidano sceneggiatori e registi nella scelta di varietà e tratti linguistici inseriti nei dialoghi filmici non trovano, solitamente, una esplicitazione in testi formulati con tale funzione. Le sceneggiature non prevedono paratesti metalinguistici, così come diari di lavorazione e critiche dedicate ai singoli film non commentano primariamente questi aspetti. In questo contributo, che vuole essere anche un ricordo di Paolo e Vittorio Taviani, ho rielaborato la mia esperienza di studio sulle scelte linguistiche dei due registi, che ho avuto la fortuna di conoscere e di intervistare molti anni fa, proprio per confrontare i miei risultati di ricerca con i loro intenti espressivi mediati dalle scelte linguistiche. Lo strumento dell’intervista, specifica in questo caso a indagare le idee dei Taviani rispetto allo stile e ai registri linguistici, si rivela un utile strumento per far emergere eventuali ideologie sottostanti e mettere ulteriormente in luce la forza espressiva, visiva e sonora, delle loro opere.

EN:

The criteria that guide screenwriters and directors in their choice of varieties and linguistic features included in film dialogue do not usually find explicitness in texts formulated with this function in mind. Screenplays do not provide metalinguistic paratexts, just as filmmaking diaries and critiques devoted to individual films do not primarily comment on these aspects. In this contribution, which is also meant to be a remembrance of Paolo and Vittorio Taviani, I have reworked my experience of studying the linguistic choices of the two directors, whom I had the good fortune to meet and interview many years ago, precisely in order to compare my research findings with their expressive intentions mediated by linguistic choices. The tool of the interview, specific in this case to investigate the Taviani’s ideas with respect to style and linguistic registers, proves to be a useful tool to bring out any underlying ideologies and further highlight the expressive power, visual and aural, of their works.

FR:

L’ouvrage de Frantz Fanon Peau noire, masques blancs est une étude de la relation entre le Noir et le Blanc, dans laquelle le langage est considéré comme un poste d’observation privilégié. Dans une perspective de la traduction, l’étude des stéréotypes s’avère primordiale à la fois pour saisir leur sens dans la pensée de Fanon et pour réfléchir au rôle de la traduction dans la circulation de stéréotypes. À travers la manière dont les stéréotypes sont traités dans une langue étrangère, ce qui est mis en jeu n’est pas seulement leur intelligibilité, mais également leur perception et la possibilité de les défaire. Le présent article analyse quelques stéréotypes langagiers étudiés dans l’ouvrage de Fanon ainsi que leur traduction dans les deux versions anglaises existantes, afin de proposer une réflexion traductologique concrète du stéréotype langagier.

EN:

Frantz Fanon’s Peau noire, masques blancs is a study of the relationship between black and white, in which language is seen as a privileged observation post. From a translation perspective, the study of stereotypes is essential both to grasp their meaning in Fanon’s thought and to reflect on the role of translation in the circulation of stereotypes. Through the way in which stereotypes are treated in a foreign language, what is at stake is not only their intelligibility, but also their perception and the possibility of breaking them down. By analyzing a number of recurrent language stereotypes in Fanon’s work and their translation in the two existing English versions, this article aims to offer a concrete translation study on the language stereotype.

IT:

Il secondo classificato all’ultima edizione del Festival di Sanremo è stato il rapper di Secondigliano Geolier con la canzone I p’ me, tu p’ te, interamente in dialetto. La sua partecipazione al festival della canzone italiana ha scatenato un’accesa polemica non tanto e non solo per la sua mancata vittoria nonostante il successo schiacciante al televoto, ma soprattutto per questioni linguistiche. La discussione, che ha coinvolto decine di giornalisti, scrittori, studiosi, “cultori del dialetto”, parlanti comuni e utenti dei social network, si presenta sfaccettata e pluridimensionale: se parte del pubblico ha contestato la legittimità dell’ammissione di una canzone “non italiana” a una competizione dedicata proprio alla canzone italiana, altri hanno criticato con veemenza la correttezza del napoletano del rapper e le sue scelte ortografiche, aspetto particolarmente sorprendente trattandosi di un testo cantato. Il contributo proposto prende spunto dal “caso Geolier” per fare luce sulle ideologie linguistiche sul dialetto (napoletano) nel terzo millennio delineando un quadro dell’immaginario linguistico contemporaneo a proposito del dialetto ed evidenziando inattese valutazioni fortemente normative.

EN:

Geolier, rapper from Secondigliano (Naples), won the second place at the last edition of the Sanremo Festival with the song I p’ me, tu p’ te, entirely in dialect. His participation in the Italian song festival sparked a heated controversy, not so much and not only because of his failure to win despite his overwhelming success on the televote, but above all because of language issues. The discussion, which involved dozens of journalists, writers, scholars, ‘dialect enthusiasts’, ordinary speakers and social network users, was multifaceted and multidimensional: if part of the public contested the legitimacy of admitting a ‘non-Italian’ song to a competition dedicated precisely to Italian song, others vehemently criticised the rapper’s Neapolitan correctness and his spelling choices, which was particularly surprising given that it was a sung text. The proposed report takes its cue from the ‘Geolier case’ to shed light onto linguistic ideologies on (Neapolitan) dialect in the third millennium, outlining a picture of the contemporary linguistic imaginary regarding dialect and highlighting unexpectedly strong normative evaluations.

IT:

L’articolo parte dalla definizione e dalla storia del concetto di ideologia linguistica e di ideologia tout court, a cominciare dalla fine del XVIII secolo, per poi concentrarsi sulla figura di Antonio Gramsci, intellettuale e politico italiano. L’iniziale carriera da linguista di Gramsci non viene occultata dalla successiva carriera giornalistica e politica, bensì lascia numerose tracce nel suo intero percorso intellettuale. Ciò si manifesta soprattutto nel modo di affrontare temi, ricorrenti negli scritti gramsciani, quali il ruolo e le funzioni della grammatica, le ideologie (anche politiche) alla base della questione della lingua italiana, il rapporto tra lingua e dialetto, la ricerca di una lingua comune, le considerazioni su Ascoli e Manzoni, il ruolo anche politico dell’insegnamento linguistico, la storia degli intellettuali europei, i concetti di prestigio e di egemonia culturale ecc. L’analisi e l’evoluzione di questi temi (dall’iniziale approccio crociano allo studio delle lingue a un conclusivo e precoce approccio sociolinguistico) in numerosi brani tratti dai Quaderni del carcere porta l’autore e l’autrice dell’articolo a considerare il ruolo centrale, e in grande anticipo sui tempi, di Gramsci nella creazione e messa a fuoco del concetto di ideologia linguistica.

EN:

The article begins with the definition and history of the concept of linguistic ideology and ideology more broadly, starting from the late 18th century. It then focuses on the figure of Antonio Gramsci, an Italian intellectual and politician. Gramsci’s initial career as a linguist is not overshadowed by his later work as a journalist and politician; instead, it leaves numerous traces throughout his intellectual journey. This is particularly evident in his approach to recurring themes in his writings, such as the role and functions of grammar, the (including political) ideologies underpinning the Italian language question (“Questione della lingua”), the relationship between language and dialect, the search for a common language, reflections on Ascoli and Manzoni, the political role of linguistic education, the history of European intellectuals, concepts of prestige and cultural hegemony, and more. The analysis and evolution of these themes — from Gramsci’s initial Crocean approach to the study of languages to his later and pioneering sociolinguistic perspective — across various passages from the Prison Notebooks lead the article’s authors to highlight Gramsci’s central and forward-thinking role in developing and refining the concept of linguistic ideology.

ES:

Teniendo en cuenta el surgimiento y posicionamiento de los estudios hispánicos en EE.UU. a principios del siglo XX, este trabajo examina el contexto socio-político, económico y social de ese momento con el objetivo de analizar la polémica terminológica sobre el uso de “América Latina” en la prensa a ambos lados del Atlántico: Las Novedades desde EE.UU. y en El Sol desde España. Sus autores son figuras altamente reconocidas que además fueron partícipes de la creación de la American Association of Teachers of Spanish – AATS (1916). El texto pone en consideración cómo se legitima el estatus del español y cómo se intenta afianzar un mercado lingüístico hacia Hispanoamérica, al mismo tiempo que dicha lengua adquiere un valor práctico y mercantil, a fin de abrir sus puertas internacionalmente. El artículo repara en la controversia terminológica como parte de procesos geopolíticos en los que tanto España, Estados Unidos como América Latina están implicados.

EN:

Taking into account the emergence and positioning of Hispanic studies in the U.S. at the beginning of the 20th century, this paper examines the socio-political, economic and social context of that time with the aim of analyzing the terminological controversy over the use of “América Latina” in the press on both sides of the Atlantic; Las Novedades from the U.S. and in El Sol from Spain. Their authors are highly recognized figures who also participated in the creation of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish - AATS (1916). Considering how the status of Spanish is legitimized and how an attempt is made to consolidate a linguistic market towards Latin America, at the same time that the language acquires a practical and commercial value in order to open its doors internationally. The article looks at the terminological controversy as part of the geopolitical processes in which Spain, the United States and Latin America are involved.