Abstracts
Résumé
L’étalement urbain est un concept désormais classique en géographie et en urbanisme. Le terme semble même un peu passé de mode au Québec et au Canada. Non pas que la réalité spatiale qu’il dénonce soit révolue, mais à cause des difficultés majeures à en faire un objectif politique prioritaire ainsi qu’à contrer le phénomène sur le terrain. Malgré tout, le concept d’étalement urbain suscite un intérêt croissant en France, et il a été hissé au rang de problème mondial par l’ONU, en 2010. Par ailleurs, la montée du paradigme du développement durable remet le débat à l’ordre du jour à travers des mouvements comme ceux du new urbanism et du smarth growth. Dans ce contexte, le concept de l’étalement urbain mérite qu’on s’y attarde à nouveau. Ce sera donc l’objectif de cet article. D’abord, ce sujet pose avec acuité la question de la « bonne forme », question qui demeure centrale en urbanisme. Deuxièmement, l’étalement urbain est généralement traité de manière descriptive, alors que les dilemmes éthiques et politiques associés au contrôle strict de l’urbanisation sont nombreux. Est-il légitime pour les institutions politiques d’intervenir contre les désirs pavillonnaires de la majorité de la population ? De quelle manière le concept d’empreinte écologique peut-il contribuer au débat ? Y a-t-il d’autres modèles pour la ville durable que la densification ? Nous discuterons ces questions à l’aide d’une revue de littérature. Au final, nous proposons une utilisation nuancée des concepts d’étalement urbain et d’empreinte écologique, tout en constatant l’absence de modèle urbanistique générique pour ériger la ville durable.
Mots-clés :
- Étalement urbain,
- empreinte écologique,
- urbanisme durable,
- densité,
- forme urbaine
Abstract
Urban sprawl is a classic concept in geography and urban planning. The term may even seem to be somewhat dated to people in Quebec and Canada. This is not to suggest that the physical reality that it describes no longer exists; it is simply because of the major difficulties encountered by urban planners trying to make it a local political priority and limit its impacts. In contrast, concern over urban sprawl is growing in France and the issue was identified by the UN in 2010 as a world -wide problem. Furthermore, the growing importance attached to sustainable development has generated renewed interest in the phenomenon and led to the development of new concepts and movements such as smart growth, new urbanism, compact cities, sustainable communities, sustainable urban development, etc. In this context, urban sprawl is a concept that needs to be fully reconsidered. This is the goal of the present article. In the first place, urban sprawl is an essential element in the fundamental debate on what constitutes good urban form. Secondly, urban sprawl still tends to be approached descriptively although the implementation of strict controls on urban development raises a significant number of ethical and political questions: what is the best kind of residential density to aim for? Can there be legitimate political intervention in response to housing preferences expressed by the majority of urban citizens? How can the concept of the ecological footprint we leave contribute to the debate? Are there alternatives to densification if we are to achieve the goal of sustainable cities? We base our discussion of these issues on a review of the literature. Put in the most simple terms, we would suggest a nuanced use of the concepts of urban sprawl and ecological footprints, while explicitly recognizing the paucity of generic urban models for the creation of sustainable cities.
Keywords:
- Urban sprawl,
- ecological footprint,
- sustainable urban planning,
- density,
- urban form
Resumen
La expansión urbana ya es un concepto clásico en geografía y en urbanismo. El término parece pasado de moda en Quebec y en Canadá. Y no porque la realidad espacial que denuncia sea caduca, sino por las dificultades mayores para convertirlo en objetivo político prioritario y contrarrestarlo sobre el terreno. Pese a ello, el concepto de expansión urbana crea un interés creciente en Francia y, en el 2010, ha sido elevado al rango de problema mundial por la ONU. Por otro lado, la ascensión del paradigma de desarrollo sostenible restituye et debate al orden del día, con los movimientos tal que New urbanism y Smarth growth. En ese contexto, el concepto de expansión urbana merece una nueva atención. Lo que será el objetivo del artículo. Primeramente, el sujeto plantea con agudeza la cuestión de la “buena manera”, cuestión central en urbanismo. Segundo, la expansión urbana es generalmente tratada de manera descriptiva, mientras que los dilemas éticos y políticos asociados al control estricto de la urbanización son numerosos. ¿Es legítima, para las instituciones políticas, la intervención en contra de los deseos de pabellones de la mayoría de la población? ¿Cómo puede contribuir al debate el concepto de huella ecológica? ¿Existen otros modelos para la ciudad a desarrollo sostenible que el de densificación? Discutiremos sobre estas preguntas con la ayuda de la revisión de la literatura. Finalmente, proponemos una utilización graduada de los conceptos de expansión urbana y de huella ecológica, constatando, al mismo tiempo, la falta de un modelo urbanístico genérico para construir la Ciudad durable.
Palabras clave:
- Expansión urbana,
- huella ecológica,
- urbanismo sostenible,
- densidad,
- forma urbana
Appendices
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