Abstracts
Résumé
À quelle échelle la morphologie urbaine joue-t-elle sur les comportements de navettage ? D’un côté, la nature du quartier (résidences unifamiliales, appartements, vétusté du bâti, organisation de la voirie…) pourrait avoir un effet sur les modes de déplacement, et certaines interventions urbanistiques adoptent cette hypothèse. De l’autre côté, la localisation du quartier au sein de la métropole (quartier central, périphérique, transport en commun) a aussi une influence certaine. Dans cet article, nous nous demandons si la nature des quartiers de résidence (ou de travail) influe sur les comportements de navettage, et si cet effet est un effet indépendant ou s’il ne fait que refléter la distance des différents types de quartiers au centre-ville. Nous montrons que la nature des quartiers a très peu d’influence indépendante sur ces comportements. Nous suggérons donc que c’est l’aménagement à l’échelle métropolitaine (recentrage des résidences, léger décentrage des emplois) plutôt qu’à l’échelle des quartiers, sur lequel il serait primordial de réfléchir et d’agir si l’on veut modifier durablement les comportements de navettage.
Mots-clés :
- Distances de navettage,
- choix modaux,
- morphologie urbaine,
- typologies résidentielles,
- pôles d’emploi
Abstract
To what extent does urban form influence commuting behaviour? On the one hand, neighbourhood type (single-family homes, apartments, age of buildings, organization of roads…) can influence travel behaviour, and planning policies are often based on this working hypothesis. On the other hand, the location of neighbourhoods within metropolitan areas (central, suburban, access to transport services) also has a strong influence. In this paper we examine whether the nature of residential (and workplace) neighbourhoods affects commuting behaviour, and whether the effect is independent or merely a reflection of the distance between different types of neighbourhoods and the CBD. We show that neighbourhood morphology has very little independent effect on commuting behaviour. As a result, we suggest that, if sustainable changes in commuting behavior are the ultimate goal, broadscale planning initiatives such as the re-centering of housing and a slight de-centering of workplaces are the level at which policy intervention would be most effective.
Keywords:
- Commuting distances,
- modal choices,
- urban form,
- residential typology,
- employment poles
Resumen
¿A qué escala la morfológica urbana influye en los comportamientos de vehículo de transporte urbano? Por un lado, las características del barrio (residencias unifamiliares, apartamentos, envejecimiento de las construcciones, organización de la vía pública…) podrían incidir en los medios de transporte. Ciertas intervenciones urbanas adoptan esta hipótesis. Por otro lado, la localización de un barrio dentro de la metrópolis (barrio central, periférico, transporte público) es, ciertamente, influyente. Nos preguntamos si las características de los barrios residenciales (o de trabajo) influyen en el comportamiento del transporte urbano, si esta influencia es un efecto independiente o si no es nada más que el reflejo de la distancia entre los diferentes tipos de barrio y el centro de la ciudad. Mostramos que las características de los barrios tienen poca influencia independiente sobre los comportamientos. Consecuentemente, sugerimos que es el condicionamiento a escala metropolitana (recentralización de residencias, leve descentralización de empleos) y no a escala de barrios. Si se quiere modificar el comportamiento del transporte urbano sería primordial reflexionar y actuar sobre ese plano.
Palabras clave:
- Distancias de transporte,
- elección modal,
- morfología urbana,
- tipologías residenciales,
- polos de empleo
Appendices
Bibliographie
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