Abstracts
Résumé
Dans un contexte d’ouverture et d’intégration régionale, la province de Luang Namtha cristallise l’ensemble des défis auxquels le Laos doit faire face aujourd’hui. En effet, cette région connaît depuis une dizaine d’années des changements importants liés à la construction du corridor nord-sud reliant la Chine à la Thaïlande. Ce Plan Nord, piloté par la Banque asiatique de développement et la Chine, constitue la colonne vertébrale du quadrangle économique, espace transfrontalier de croissance. Pour le gouvernement lao, l’objectif est, d’une part, de transformer ces marges montagneuses en vaste espace de libre-échange et, d’autre part, de consolider l’existence de l’État-nation moderne, à travers le transfert des populations montagnardes vers les plaines afin de mieux contrôler le territoire et ses ressources. En réalité, ce corridor économique constitue un nouvel axe de pénétration pour les investissements laotiens et étrangers privilégiant la mise en exploitation des terres, l’extraction des ressources minières et la production d’hydroélectricité. Le territoire de la province de Luang Namtha et les populations qui y vivent, contraintes de s’adapter aux changements radicaux provoqués par la nouvelle stratégie du pouvoir central, subissent des transformations en profondeur mettant en relief des conflits autour d’enjeux sociaux et environnementaux.
Mot-clés:
- Laos,
- Luang Namtha,
- Plan Nord,
- reterritorialisation,
- marchandisation des terres,
- exploitation des ressources naturelles,
- intégration régionale,
- conflits fonciers
Abstract
In a context of openness and regional integration, Luang Namtha province is the epitome of the challenges Laos faces today. For the past ten years or so, the region has been experiencing major changes in connection with the opening of the North-South corridor between China and Thailand. The Master Plan promoted by the ADB constitutes the cornerstone of the economic Quadrangle, the cross border growth area. The Lao government’s goal is, on the one hand, to turn the country’s mountainous outskirts into large free-trade areas and, on the other, to strengthen the emergence of the modern nation-state by transferring the mountain populations of Laos to the plains so as to better control the land and its resources. Essentially, the economic corridor provides a new major access route for the Lao and foreign investors looking to farm new lands, mine ore and produce hydroelectricity. The territory comprising Luang Namtha province, together with its local populations, have been forced to adapt to radical changes resulting from the central government’s new strategy, and are undergoing in-depth transformations that result in conflicts around social and environmental issues.
Keywords:
- Laos,
- Luang Namtha,
- reterritorialization,
- land as a commodity,
- exploiting natural resources,
- regional integration,
- land conflicts
Resumen
En un contexto de abertura e integración regional, la provincia de Luang Namtha concretiza todos los desafíos que hoy Laos enfrenta. Efectivamente, esta región conoce, desde una decena de años, importantes cambios relacionados con la construcción del corredor norte-sur conectando China a Tailandia. El Plan Norte, piloteado por el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo y por China, constituye la columna vertebral de cuadrángulo económico, espacio trasfronterizo de crecimiento. Para el gobierno laosiano el objetivo es, por un lado, transformar las márgenes montañosas en un vasto espacio de libre-cambio. Por otro lado, consolidar la existencia del Estado-Nación moderno, mediante el traslado de poblaciones montañesas hacia las planicies, para así controlar mejor el territorio y sus recursos. En realidad, ese corredor económico constituye un nuevo eje de penetración tanto para las inversiones laosianas que para las extranjeras, privilegiando la explotación de tierras, la extracción de recursos mineros y la producción de la hidroelectricidad. Las poblaciones que habitan la provincia de Luang Namtha están obligadas de adaptarse a los cambios radicales provocados por la nueva estrategia del poder central; poblaciones y territorio soportan transformaciones profundas que ponen en relieve conflictos alrededor de contingencias sociales y del medio ambiente.
Palabras claves:
- Laos,
- Luang Namtha,
- Plan Norte,
- re-territorialización,
- mercantilización de tierras,
- explotación de recursos naturales,
- integración regional,
- conflictos territoriales
Appendices
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