Abstracts
Résumé
Vus comme participant au développement durable dans ses trois dimensions – sociale, économique et environnementale –, les circuits alimentaires de proximité font l’objet d’un intérêt croissant de la part des consommateurs, des producteurs agricoles et des collectivités territoriales. Plusieurs travaux récents remettent pourtant en cause l’une des vertus supposées des circuits de proximité : celle de leur contribution à une moindre dépense énergétique pour leur distribution. Schématiquement, ces recherches montrent que le moyen de transport importe plus que les kilomètres parcourus et que la distribution alimentaire de masse en circuits longs, du fait d’économies d’échelles, présente de meilleurs bilans énergétiques que les circuits de proximité. Sur la base de mesures effectuées pour divers modes de distribution de paniers de fruits et légumes, nous montrons dans cet article que la performance de ces circuits courts, en termes d’efficacité énergétique, est comparable à celle de circuits plus longs. Les circuits de proximité étudiés se traduisent en effet par des efforts d’organisation locaux ou à l’échelle de petits réseaux territoriaux dont ne peuvent rendre compte les études reposant sur des moyennes qui ignorent les pratiques spatiales concrètes des acteurs, qu’il s’agisse des agriculteurs ou des consommateurs.
Mots-clés :
- Circuits de proximité,
- mode de transport,
- bilan énergétique,
- organisation locale,
- pratiques spatiales
Abstract
Consumers, producers and local communities are showing increasing interest in local food distribution systems (LFS) because they are seen as contributing to the three interrelated dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. However, some recent studies strongly question the environmental benefits of LFS in terms of energy efficiency. These same research papers use schematic simulations and analysis to demonstrate that methods of transport have a greater influence than the food miles travelled. They also argue that, due to economies of scale, better energy efficiency is achieved through mass distribution of industrial products. From measurements made in a variety of local food systems that deliver fruit and vegetable boxes, our own analysis shows that the energy efficiency of these local distribution systems is in fact comparable with those used for mass distribution. Furthermore, the food delivery systems we studied are characterized by local level or small-scale delivery networks, neither of which are taken into account in studies based on averages that ignore real everyday spatial practices of producers and consumers.
Keywords:
- Local food systems,
- method of transport,
- energy efficiency balance,
- organization of local systems,
- spatial practices
Resumen
Los circuitos alimenticios de proximidad, puesto que participan al desarrollo durable en sus tres dimensiones – social, económica y ambiental – son objeto del interés progresivo de consumidores, de productores agrícolas y de colectividades territoriales. Sin embargo, varios trabajos recientes impugnan las supuestas virtudes de los circuitos próximos : su contribución a un menor gasto energético en su distribución. Brevemente, esas investigaciones muestran que el medio de transporte importa más que los kilómetros recorridos y que la distribución alimentaria de masa en circuitos largos a escala económica – presenta mejores balances energéticos que los circuitos próximos. Mostramos en este artículo, sobre la base de medidas efectuadas de los diversos modos de distribución de canastas de frutas y de legumbres que, en términos de eficiencia energética, el rendimiento de los circuitos cortos es comparable al de los más largos. Efectivamente, los circuitos próximos estudiados se traducen en esfuerzos de organización local, o a escala de pequeñas redes territoriales, de lo que no pueden testimoniar los estudios hechos sobre medianas que ignoran las prácticas espaciales concretas de los actores, ya sean estos agricultores o consumidores.
Palabras clave:
- Circuitos próximos,
- medio de transporte,
- balance energético,
- organización local,
- prácticas espaciales
Appendices
Bibliographie
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