Abstracts
Résumé
Depuis 1872 (création du parc national de Yellowstone) pour les États-Unis et 1885 (création du parc national de Banff) pour le Canada, les deux grands États d’Amérique du Nord ont, chacun, développé un système de parcs nationaux comptant aujourd’hui 100 parcs et accueillant près de 100 millions de visiteurs par an. Ils participent ainsi d’un vaste système touristique – organisé à différentes échelles – qui s’appuie sur la valorisation de la nature, des phénomènes géologiques et géomorphologiques, mais également sur la médiation des rapports entre les sociétés passées et cette nature (à travers des pratiques d’interprétation). Territoires convoités par des activités concurrentes, les parcs sont, depuis l’origine, un sujet d’enjeux particulièrement intenses entre différentes composantes de la société qui, chacune, revendiquent des usages spécifiques. Ces tensions contribuent à produire, à imposer ou à légitimer, selon les cas, des réglementations destinées à réguler les pratiques et les usages de l’espace dans les parcs (stratégies spatiales, stratégies de gestion ou de contrôle des flux, etc.)
Mots-clés:
- Parcs nationaux,
- tourisme,
- gestion,
- Amérique du Nord,
- relation nature-société,
- protection de l’environnement
Abstract
Since the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872 by the United States and of the Banff Hot Springs Reservation (future Banff National Park) in 1885 by Canada, the two main large North American states have set up a network of 100 national parks, attracting close to 100 million visitors per year. Parks are crucial to a large tourist system, organized at different scales, which relies on the highlighting of natural, geological or geomorphological phenomena as well as on the ties between past societies and today’s nature (interpretation programs). Territories coveted by competing activities, parks are the focus of intense issues involving different components of society which claim them for specific uses. These tensions contribute to producing, imposing or legitimizing rules to regulate the practices and uses of space in the parks (spatial strategies, management or control of flows, etc.).
Keywords:
- North America,
- national parks,
- tourism,
- nature management,
- man and nature relationship,
- environmental protection
Appendices
Bibliographie
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