Abstracts
Résumé
L’atteinte d’une certaine cohésion sociale dans une région urbaine repose en bonne partie sur la réduction des disparités socio-économiques internes. Ces disparités socio-économiques ne sont pas étrangères aux problèmes liés à l’emploi et au revenu des ménages, qui découlent des transformations subies par le marché du travail au cours des dernières décennies. Dans cet article, nous nous interrogeons sur l’influence des facteurs géographiques reliés à la mobilité quotidienne des personnes et à l’accessibilité des lieux d’emplois sur les disparités socio-économiques internes, qui constribuent ainsi à une éventuelle érosion de la cohésion sociale dans l’agglomération urbaine de Québec. En premier lieu, nous utilisons une typologie des différents types d’accès à l’automobile dans les ménages motorisés afin de mieux cerner la capacité d’atteindre les lieux d’emplois. En second lieu, nous utilisons un indice d’accessibilité aux emplois reposant sur le modèle de gravité et nous faisons ressortir quelques zones de résidence présentant des problèmes d’accessibilité aux emplois en transport public, en 1977 comme en 1996. Enfin, nous testons l’hypothèse d’une relation entre l’accès effectif à l’automobile, l’accessibilité aux emplois et un indicateur de cohésion sociale, le taux d’emploi. Les données exploitées proviennent des enquêtes origine-destination du Réseau de transport de la Capitale (RTC).
Mots-clés:
- mobilité,
- transport automobile,
- disparités socio-économiques,
- motorisation des ménages,
- déplacements,
- accessibilité des lieux d’emplois,
- taux d’emploi,
- cohésion sociale,
- agglomération urbaine de Québec
Abstract
An inverse relation can be postulated between the social cohesion of an urban area and the level of social and economic disparities within its neighbourhoods. These disparities are often related to employment and household income, which stem from changes in Canada’s labour market over the last 30 years. In this paper, we examine the influence of geographical factors, such as daily mobility of people and job accessibility, on levels of social and economic disparities in the Quebec urban area. We begin by using a typology of individual access to automobiles (forms of “restricted” automobile access) in households that own at least one vehicle (motorized households) to outline the ability to reach job sites. Secondly, we draft a gravity-type index of accessibility to jobs, which is used to identify residential areas that had poor access to employment in 1977 and 1996. We conclude by testing the relationship between real access to automobiles, accessibility to employment and an indicator of social cohesion, the employment rate. Data are based on OD surveys conducted by the Réseau de transport de la Capitale (RTC).
Key Words:
- mobility,
- transportation,
- automobile access,
- trips to work,
- accessibility to jobs,
- employment rate,
- social cohesion,
- Quebec urban area
Appendices
Bibliographie
-
Black, J. et Conroy, M. (1977) Accessibility Measures and the Social Evaluation of Urban Structure. Environmental & Planning A, 9 (9) : 1013-1028.10.1068/a091013 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Blumen, O. et Kellerman, A. (1990) Gender Differences in Commuting Distance, Residence, and Employment Location: Metropolitan Haïfa 1972 and 1983. Professional Geographer, 42(1) : 54-71.10.1111/j.0033-0124.1990.00054.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Burke, M. et J. Shields (2001) The Job-Poor Recovery : Social Cohesion and the Canadian Labour Market. Research Report. Ryerson Social Reporting Network, Ryerson Polytechnic University.10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.213 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CHICOINE, N. (2001) Pratiques et stratégies spatiales des employées de bureau montréalaises dans un contexte de décentralisation économique. Montréal : INRS – Urbanisation, thèse de doctorat, Québec (Province).10.1068/a271995 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cooke, T. J. (1997) Geographic Access to Job Opportunities and Labor-Force Participation among Women and African Americans in the Greater Boston Metropolitan Area. Urban Geography, 18 (3) : 213-227.10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.213 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
CTCUQ (Commission de transport de la Communauté urbaine de Québec) (1991) Plan d’action 1991-1992-1993 : projet. Québec.10.1080/00420988920080321 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
England, K. (1995) “Girls in the Office”: Recruiting and Job Search in a Local Clerical Labor Market. Environment and Planning A, 27 : 1995-2018.10.1068/a271995 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fernandez, R. M. (1994) Race, Space and Job Accessibility: Evidence from a Plant Relocation. Economic Geography, 70 : 390-416.10.2307/143730 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gordon, P., Kumar, A. et Richardson, H. W. (1989a) The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Some New Evidence. Urban Studies, 26 : 315-326.10.1080/00420988920080321 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (1989b) Gender Differences in Metropolitan Travel Behavior. Regional Studies, 23: 499-510.10.1080/00343408912331345672 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hanson, S. et Pratt, G. (1988) Spatial Dimensions of the Gender Division of Labor in a Local Labor Market. Urban Geography, 9 (2) : 180-202.10.1080/00420980050011208 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (1991) Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 81 (2) : 229-253.10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01688.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (1995) Gender, work, and space. Routledge, New York.10.2307/144026 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hanson, S. et M. Schwab (1995) Describing Disaggregate Flows: Individual and Household Activity Patterns. Dans The Geography of Urban Transportation, Ed. Susan Hanson, 2nd Edition. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 166-187.10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00420.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Holzer, H. J. (1991) The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown? Regional Studies, 28 : 105-122.10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.192 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Howe, A. et O’Connor, K. (1982) Travel to Work and Labor Force Participation of Men and Women in an Australian Metropolitan Area. Professional Geographer, 34 : 50-64.10.1111/j.0033-0124.1982.00050.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ihlanfeldt, K. R. et Sjoquist, D. L. (1990) Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates. American Economic Review, 80 : 267-276.10.1016/0038-0121(73)90041-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Jeannotte, S. (2000) Social Cohesion Around the World : An International Comparison of Definitions and Issues. Strategic Planning and Policy Coordination. Department of Canadian Heritage.10.1080/00343409212331346941 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Johnston-Anumonwo, I. (1995) Racial Differences in Commuting Behavior of Women in Buffalo, 1980-1990. Urban Geography, 16 : 23-45.10.2747/0272-3638.16.1.23 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JOHNSTON-ANUMONWO. I., McLAFFERTY, S. et PRESTON, V. (1995) Gender, Race and the Spatial Context of Women’s Employment. Dans Garber, J.A. & R.S. Turner (dir.) Gender in Urban Research: Urban Affairs Annual Review 42. SAGE Publications, pp. 236-255.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
kain, J. (1968) Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82 :175-197.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kearns, A. et Forrest, R. (2000) Social Cohesion and Multilevel Urban Gouvernance. Urban Studies, 37 (5-6) : 995-1017.10.1080/00420980050011208 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Levinson, D. M. (1998) Accessibility and the Journey to Work. Journal of Transport Geography, 6 (1) : 11-21.10.1016/S0966-6923(97)00036-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
McLafferty, S. et Preston, V. (1992) Spatial Mismatch and Labor Market Segmentation for African-American and Latina Women. Economic Geography, 68 (4) : 406-431.10.2307/144026 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (1996) Spatial Mismatch and Employment in a Decade of Restructuring. Professional Geographer, 48 : 420-431.10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00420.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (1997) Gender, Race and the Determinants of Commuting: New York in 1990. Urban Geography, 18 : 192-202.10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.192 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Nelson, K. (1986) Labor Demand, Labor Supply and the Suburbanization of Low-Wage Office Work. Dans A. J. Scott & M. Storper (dir.), Production, Work, Territory. The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, Boston, Allen & Unwin, pp. 149-171.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
PRESTON, V., McLafferty, S. et Hamilton, E. (1993) The Impact of Family Status on Black, White, and Hispanic Women’s Commuting. Urban Geography, 14 : 228-250.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Preston, V. et McLafferty, S. (1999) Spatial Mismatch Research in the 1990s: Progress and Potential. Papers in Regional Science, 78 (4) : 387-402.10.1007/s101100050033 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rose, D. et Villeneuve, P. (1993) Work, Labour Markets and Households in Transition. Dans L. S. Bourne & D. F. Ley (dir.), The Changing Social Geography of Canadian Cities, McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 153-175.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rutherford , B. M. et Wekerle, G. R. (1988) Captive Rider, Captive Labor: Spatial Constraints and Women’s Employment. Urban Geography, 9 (2) : 116-137.10.2747/0272-3638.14.3.228 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Vandersmissen, M.-H., Villeneuve, P. et Thériault, M. (2001) Mobilité et accessibilité : leurs effets sur l’insertion professionnelle des femmes. L’Espace Géographique, 30 (4) : 289-305.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (2003a) What about Effective Access to Cars in Motorised Households? The Canadian Geographer, sous presse.10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.116 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (2003b) Analyzing Changes in Urban Form and Commuting Time. The Professional Geographer, sous presse.10.3917/eg.304.0289 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Villeneuve, P. et Vandersmissen, M.-H. (2000) L’augmentation du taux de motorisation des femmes : enjeux sociaux et environnementaux. Dans O. Andan, B. Faivre d’Arcier et M. Lee-Gosselin (dir.), Actes du colloque international sur « L’avenir des déplacements en ville », tenu aux Entretiens Jacques-Cartier en 1998, Lyon, France, pp. 177-199.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ——— (2002) Accessibilité, mobilité et équité dans le Québec métropolitain. Dans R. Côté et M. Venne (dir.) Québec 2003 : Annuaire politique, social, économique et culturel, Montréal, Fides, pp. 282-290.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wachs, M. et Kumagai, G. T. (1973) Physical Accessibility as a Social Indicator. Socio-Economic Planning Science, 7 : 437-456.10.1016/0038-0121(73)90041-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ward, C. et Dale, A. (1992) Geographical Variations in Female Labour Force Participation: An Application of Multilevel Modelling. Regional Studies, 26 : 243-255.10.1080/00343409212331346941 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WILSON, W. (1996) When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York, Knopf.10.2307/2152085 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
