Abstracts
Résumé
Le recours à l’évitement fiscal est un phénomène largement documenté dans la littérature économique et comptable, quoique peu d’études traitent de l’évitement fiscal des multinationales canadiennes. Cet article dresse un portrait de l’évolution de l’imposition des entreprises canadiennes et de leur recours aux paradis fiscaux. Une évaluation des pertes associées au recours aux paradis fiscaux est proposée.
Les multinationales utilisent différentes méthodes pour réduire, voire se soustraire à la fiscalité. Elles peuvent, entre autres, déplacer leur endettement vers des pays à taux d’imposition élevés.
Elles peuvent aussi ajuster les prix de transferts, qui sont les prix imputés dans les transactions avec leurs filiales étrangères, de manière à transférer des profits vers des pays où le système de taxation est plus avantageux. Enfin, les multinationales ont également la possibilité de délocaliser leurs activités en faveur des juridictions à faible imposition.
La littérature suggère que les entreprises canadiennes entretiennent des relations étroites avec les juridictions à faible imposition. Collins et Shackelford (1995) ont calculé que les entreprises canadiennes ont un taux d’imposition effectif inférieur à celui des États-Unis, du Japon et du Royaume-Uni. Arnold et Wilson (2014) montrent que les autorités du Canada sont réticentes à l’idée d’adopter des mesures restrictives afin de ne pas désavantager les entreprises canadiennes vis-à-vis de ses concurrents internationaux. Hejazi (2007) met en évidence l’importance croissante des paradis fiscaux dans les investissements directs canadiens à l’étranger. Mintz et Smart (2004) montrent que les entreprises canadiennes procèdent à l’évitement fiscal entre les provinces en transférant leurs bénéfices vers des provinces ou des territoires à faible fiscalité.
Différentes sources de données microéconomiques et macroéconomiques sont mobilisées. Il ressort de cette étude que le taux d’imposition effectif des entreprises canadiennes se situe largement en deçà du taux d’imposition statutaire et qu’il n’a cessé de décroître au cours des 35 dernières années. La tendance baissière du taux d’imposition s’observe pour les petites et pour les grandes entreprises. Cependant, les niveaux et l’évolution des taux d’imposition effectifs sont assez hétérogènes entre secteurs d’activité. Les données montrent ensuite que la part des bénéfices générés à l’étranger par les entreprises canadiennes a plus que doublé au cours des 30 dernières années. Par ailleurs, les paradis fiscaux abritent environ 25 % des investissements canadiens à l’étranger.
Abstract
Business Taxes and Tax Havens : A Study with Canadian Data. Tax avoidance is a well-documented phenomenon in the economic and accounting literature, although few studies have focused on tax avoidance of Canadian multinationals. This article portrays the evolution of taxation of Canadian corporations and their use of tax havens. An assessment of the losses associated with the use of tax havens is proposed.
Multinational companies use different methods to reduce or evade taxation. They can, among other things, shift the allocation of debt to countries with higher tax rates. They can also adjust transfer prices, which are the prices charged in transactions with foreign affiliates, in ways to transfer profits to countries where the tax system is more advantageous. Finally, multinationals also can relocate their activities in low-tax jurisdictions.
The literature suggests that Canadian companies have close relationships with low-tax jurisdictions. Collins and Shackelford (1995) find that Canadian companies have a lower effective tax rate than the US, Japan and the United Kingdom. Arnold and Wilson (2014) show that Canadian authorities are reluctant to adopt restrictive measures in order not to penalize Canadian companies vis-à-vis competition from abroad. Hejazi (2007) highlights the growing importance of tax havens in Canadian direct foreign investments. Smart and Mintz (2004) argue that Canadian companies avoid taxes by transferring their profits to more accommodating provinces or territories.
Different sources of microeconomic and macroeconomic data are used in this study. It appears that the effective tax rate of Canadian companies is largely below the statutory tax rate and has steadily declined over the past 35 years. The downward trend in the tax rate is observed both for small and large corporations. However, the level and evolution of these effective tax rates differ across sectors. The data show that the share of profits earned abroad by Canadian companies has more than doubled over the past 30 years. Moreover, tax havens are recipients to about 25% of Canadian foreign investments.
Appendices
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