Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article procède à une synthèse de la littérature sur la question de la valeur psychologique du temps. Il discute des différents déterminants du taux d’actualisation et la possibilité d’avoir une fonction d’escompte de type hyperbolique. L’approche historique permet de retracer les origines du concept de valeur psychologique du temps. Ce concept est ensuite rediscuté dans le cadre de la théorie des perspectives, en considérant que l’utilité ressentie de l’agent vient modifier la structure de sa valeur psychologique du temps. L’analyse des résultats empiriques et des méthodologies d’identification permet de mettre en évidence que motifs individuels et psychologiques conditionnent le caractère intertemporel des choix.
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the psychological literature on the value of time. It discusses various determinants of the discount rate and the possibility of hyperbolic discounting. The historical approach helps us to trace the origins of the concept of psychological value of time. This concept is then discussed again within the framework of the prospect theory, considering that perceived utility of the agent alters the structure of their psychological value of time. The analysis of empirical findings and methodologies of identification can demonstrate that individual and psychological motives condition the nature of intertemporal choice.
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Abel, A.B. (1990), « Asset Prices under Habit Formation and Catching up with the Joneses », American Economic Review, 80(2) : 38-42.10.1257/jep.15.3.47 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Akerlof, G. (1991), « Procrastination and Obedience », American Economic Review, 81(2) : 1-19.10.1162/003355397555280 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ainslie, G. (1992), Picoeconomics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.10.1086/261558 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ainslie, G. et N. Haslam (1992), « Hyperbolic Discounting », in George Loewenstein et John Elster (éds), Choice over Time, New York : Russell Sage Foundation, p. 57-92.10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.06.012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Andreoni, J. et C. Sprenger (2009), « Estimating Time Preference from Convex Budget », Working Paper UCSD.10.1016/0304-405X(86)90041-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Angeletos, G.M., D. Laibson, A. Repetto, J. Tobacman et S. Weinberg (2001), « The Hyperbolic Buffer Stock Model : Calibration, Simulation and Empirical Evaluation », Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15 : 47-68.10.1257/jep.15.3.47 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Arrondel, L, et M. A. Verger (2004), « Mesurer les préférences individuelles pour le présent », Économies et Statistiques, 37 : 87-125.10.1016/S0167-4870(99)00042-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Arrow, K.J. (1971), Essays in the Theory of Risk-bearing, North-Holland, Amsterdam.10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00059-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Attema, A., H. Bleichrodt, K. Rohdeb et P. Wakker (2009), « Time Tradeoff Sequences for Analyzing Discounting and Time Inconsistency », Working Paper, Erasmus University.10.1086/250059 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Backer, F., M. Johnson et W. Bickel(2003), « Delay Discounting in Current and Never-before CigaretteSmokers: Similarities and Differences across Commodity, Sign, andMagnitude », Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112 : 383-392.10.1901/jeab.1961.4-267 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Barsky, R., F. Juster, M. Kimball et M. Shapiro(1997), « Preference Parameters and BehavioralHeterogeneity : An Experimental Approach in the Health andRetirement Study », Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 : 537-579.10.1162/003355397555280 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Becker, G. et K. Murphy (1988), « A Theory of Rational Addiction », Journal of Political Economy, 96 : 675-700.10.1086/261558 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bentham, J. (1789), An Introduction into the Principles of Morals and Legislation, New York, Hafner Library.10.1086/261750 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bjork, J.M., DW. Hommer, S.J. Grant et C. Danube(2004), « Impulsivity in Abstinent Alcohol-DependentPatients : Relation to Control Subjects and Type 1-/Type 2-Liketraits »,Alchohol, 34 : 133-150.10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.06.012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Breeden, D. (1986), « Consumption, Production, Inflation and Interest Rates », Journal of Financial Economics, 16 : 3-29.10.1016/0304-405X(86)90041-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bretteville-Jensen, A.L. (1999), « Addiction and Discounting », Journal of Health Economics, 18 : 393-407.10.1016/S0167-6296(98)00057-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Broihanne, M-H., M. Merli et P. Roger (2004), Finance comportementale, Collection Gestion, Economica.10.1257/jel.40.2.351 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Buchanan, J. (1969), Cost and Choice, Markham Publishing co, Chicago.10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cairns, J. et M. Van der Pool (2000), « Valuing Future Private and Social Benefits : The Discounted Utility Model Versus Hyperbolic Discounting », Journal of Economic Psychology, 21 : 191-205.10.1016/S0167-4870(99)00042-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cairns, J. et M. Van der Pool (2002), « AComparison of the Discounted Utility Model and Hyperbolic DiscountingModels in the Case of Social and Private Intertemporal Preferences forHealth », Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 49 : 79-96.10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00059-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Campbell, J. et J. Cochrane (1999), « By Force of Habit : A Consumption-Based Explanation of Aggregate Stock Market Behaviour », Journal of Political Economy, 107 : 205-251.10.1086/250059 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Chung, S. et J. Herrnstein (1961), « Relative and Absolute Strengths of Response as a Function of Frequency of Reinforcement », Journal of Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour, 4 : 267-272.10.1901/jeab.1961.4-267 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cocco, J., F. Gomes et P. Maenhout (2005), « Consumption and Portfolio Choice Over Life Cycle », Review of Financial Studies, 18(2) : 491-533.10.1093/rfs/hhi017 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Epstein, L. et S. Zin (1989),« Substitution, Risk Aversion and the Temporal Behavior ofConsumption and Asset Returns : A Theoretical Framework », Econometrica, 57(4) : 937-969.10.2307/1913778 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Epstein, L. et S.Zin (1991),« Substitution, Risk Aversion and the Temporal Behavior ofConsumption and Asset Returns : An Empirical Analysis », Journal of Political Economy, 99(2) : 263-288.10.1086/261750 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fang, H. et D. Silverman (2002), « Time-inconsistency and Welfare Program Participation : Evidence from NLSY », Working Paper.10.1162/003355397555235 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Feather, P. et W. Shaw (1999), « Estimating the Cost of Leisure for Recreation Demand Models », Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 38 : 49-65.10.1006/jeem.1999.1076 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fisher, I., (1930),The Theory of Interest, New York, MacMillan.10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.10.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Frederick, S. (2005), « Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making », Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4) : 24-42.10.1257/089533005775196732 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Frederick, S. (2006), « Valuing Future Life and Futures Lives : A Framework for Understanding Discounting », Journal of Economic Psychology, 27 : 667-680.10.1016/j.joep.2006.05.007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Frederick, S., G. Loewenstein et T. O’Donoghue (2002), « Time Discounting and Time Preference : A Critical Review », Journal of Economic Litterature, 40(1) : 351-401.10.1257/jel.40.2.351 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Green, L., A.F. Fry et J. Myerson (1994), « Discounting of Delayed Rewards : A Life-span Comparison », Psychological Science, 5 : 33-37.10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gollier, C. (2002), « Time Horizon and the Discount Rate », Journal of Economic Theory, 107 : 463-473.10.1006/jeth.2001.2952 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gollier, C. et R. Zeckhauser (2005), « Collective Investment Decision Making with Heterogeneous Times Preferences », Journal of Public Economics, CESifo, Working Paper, n°915, ssrn.com.10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.96 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hansen, L. et K. Singleton (1982), « Generalized Instrumental Variables Estimation of Non Linear Rational Expectations Models », Econometrica, 50 : 1269-1286.10.2307/1911873 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hansen, L. et K. Singleton (1983), « Stochastic Consumption, Risk Aversion and the Temporal Behaviour of Asset Returns », Journal of Political Economy, 91 : 249-268.10.1086/261141 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Harris, C. et D. Laibson (2001), « Hyperbolic Discounting and Consumption », Working Paper, Harvard University.10.1257/aer.89.1.103 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Harris, C. et D. Laibson (2001), « Dynamic Choices of Hyperbolic Consumers », Econometrica, 69(4) : 935-957.10.1111/1468-0262.00225 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Harris, C. et D. Laibson (2004), « Intantaneous Gratification », Working Paper, Harvard University.10.1007/s002130000638 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hayek, F. (1973-1979), Edition française (1982), Droit, législation et liberté, PUF, Paris.10.1007/s00213-002-1115-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Jouini, E. et C. Napp (2010), « Cognitive Biases and the Representative Agent », Working Paper, halshs-00488570, version 1.10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00090-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kahneman, D. (1994), « New Challenges to the Rationality Assumption »,Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150 : 18-36.10.2307/1913738 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kahneman, D. et A. Tversky (1979), « Prospect Theory : An Analysis of Decision under Risk », Econometrica, XVLII : 263-291.10.2307/1914185 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kahneman, D. et A. Tversky (1992), « Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty », Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5 : 297-323.10.1007/BF00122574 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kahneman, D. et J. Riis (2005), « Living, and Thinking About it : Two Perspectives on Life »,. in F.A. Huppert, N. Baylis & B. Keverne (éds), The Science of Well-being, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p. 285-304.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567523.003.0011 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kahneman, D., P. Wakker et R. Sarin (1997), « Back to Bentham? Exploration of Experienced Utility », Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 : 375-405.10.1162/003355397555235 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kalenscher, T. et C.M.A. Pennartz (2008), « Is a Bird in the Hand Worth Two in the Future? The Neuroeconomics of Intertemporal Decision-making », Progress in Neurobiology, 84 : 284–315.10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.11.004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Khwaja, A., F. Sloan et M. Salm (2006), « Evidence on Preference and Subjective Beliefs of Risk Takers : The Case of Smokers », International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24 : 667-682.10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.10.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kirby, K.N. et N.M. Petry(2004), « Heroin and Cocaine Abusers Have Higher DiscountRates for Delayed Rewards than Alcoholics or Non-drug-usingControls », Addiction, 99 : 461-471.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Koopmans, T. (1960), « Stationary Ordinal Utility and Impatience », Econometrica, 28(2) : 287-309.10.2307/1907722 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kurz, M., R. Spiegelman, et R. West (1973),« The Experimental Horizon and the Rate of Time Preference forthe Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments: A PreliminaryStudy », SRI Internat. Res. Memorandum, no 21, Menlo Park, Calif.10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.05.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
La Bruslerie de, H. et J. Fouilloux(2006), « La structure par terme des prix psychologiques dutemps : une modélisation décroissante », Working Paper, PRISM-Sorbonne, Université Paris 1.10.1007/s11002-005-5897-x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Laibson, D. (1996), « Hyperbolic Discount Functions, Undersaving and Saving Policy », Working Paper n°5635, NBER.10.1016/j.jet.2003.10.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Laibson, D. (1997), « Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting », Journal of Political Economy, 112 : 443-477.10.2307/2295722 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Laibson, D., A. Repetto et J. Tobacman (2004), « Estimating Discount Functions from Life Cycle Consumption Choices », Working Paper, Harvard University.10.1016/0165-1765(81)90067-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Leloup, S. (2002), « Conséquencesanticipées et comportements face au risque dans la penséeéconomique de Jeremy Bentham », Revue Economique, 53(3) : 415-423.10.1086/260971 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Lengwiller, Y. (2005), « Heterogeneous Patience and the Term Structure of Real Interest Rates », American Economic Review, 95 : 890-896;10.1257/0002828054201288 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Lew D. et D. Larson (2005), « Accounting for Stochastic Shadow Values of Time in Discrete-choice Recreation Demand Models », Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50(2) : 341-361.10.1016/j.jeem.2005.02.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Loewenstein, G. et D. Prelec (1992), « Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice : Evidence and an Interpretation », Quarterly Journal of Economics, 57 : 573-598.10.2307/2118482 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mazur, J. E. (1987), « An Adjusting Procedure for Studying Delayed Reinforcement », in M.L. Commons, J.E. Mazur, J.A. Nevin, & H. Rachlin (éds), Quantitative Analyses of Behavior 5, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ, p. 55 à 73.10.1086/378617 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mazur, J. E. (2001), « Hyperbolic Value Addition and General Models of Animal Choice. », Psychological Review, 108 : 96–112.10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.96 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mehra, R. et E. Prescot (1985), « The Equity Premium : A Puzzle », Journal of Monetary Economics, 15 : 145-161.10.1016/0304-3932(85)90061-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Nocetti, D., E. Jouini et C. Napp (2008)« Properties of the Social Discount Rate in a BenthamiteFramework with Heterogeneous Degrees of Impatience », Management Science, 54 : 1822-1826.10.1287/mnsc.1080.0904 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
O’Donoghue, T. et M. Rabin (1999), « Doing it Now or Later », American Economic Review, 89(1) : 103-124.10.1257/aer.89.1.103 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ohmura, Y., T. Takahashi et N. Kitamura(2005), « « Discounting Delayed and ProbabilisticMonetary Gains and Losses by Smokers of Cigarettes », Psychopharmacology, 182 : 508-515.10.1007/s00213-005-0110-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Paserman, D. (2002), « Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting : Structural Estimation and Policy Evaluation », Working Paper, Hebrew University.10.3386/w16347 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Petry,N. (2001), « Delay Discounting of Money and Alcohol inActively Using Alcoholics, Current Abstinent Alcoholics, andControls », Psychopharmacology, 154 : 243-250.10.1007/s002130000638 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Petry,N. (2002), « Discounting of Delayed Rewards in Substance Abusers:Relationship to Antisocial Personality Disorder », Psychopharmacology, 162 : 425-432.10.1007/s00213-002-1115-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Petry, N. (2004), « Discounting of Money, Health, and Freedom in Substance Abusers and Controls », Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71 : 133-141.10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00090-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Pratt, J.W. (1964), « Risk Aversion in the Small and in the Large », Econometrica, 32 : 122-136.10.2307/1913738 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Prelec, D. (2004), « DecreasingImpatience : A Criterion for Non-Stationary Time Preference and« Hyperbolic » Discounting », Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106 : 511-532.10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.00375.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rae, J. (1834), Statementof Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy :Exposing the Fallacies of the System of Free Trade, and of Some OtherDoctrines Maintained in the “Wealth of Nations”, BostonGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ramsey, J. (1928), « A Mathematical Theory of Saving », Economic Journal, December : 543-559.10.2307/2224098 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rawls, J. (1971), A Theory of Justice, Cambridge MA, Harvard Press University.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Read, D. et N.L. Read (2004), « Time Discounting over the Lifespan », Organization Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 94 : 22-32.10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.01.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Read, D., S. Frederick, B. Orsel et J. Rahman (2005), « Four Score and Seven Years from Now : The Date/Delay Effect in Temporal Discounting »,Management Science, 51: 1326–1335.10.1287/mnsc.1050.0412 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Reynolds, B. (2006), « A Review of Dealy-discounting Research Humans : Relations to Drug Use and Gambling », Behavioural Pharmacology, 17, 651-667.10.1097/FBP.0b013e3280115f99 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rohde, K. (2010), « The Hyperbolic Factor : A Measure of Time Inconsistency », Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 41 : 125-140.10.1007/s11166-010-9100-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Samuelson, P. (1937), « A Note on Measurement of Utility », Review. Economics Studies, 4 : 155-161.10.2307/2967612 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Schmidt, C. (2006), « Psychologie cognitive et analyse des décisions économiques », Revue Française d’Économie, 20(3) : 3-51.10.3406/rfeco.2006.1576 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Shapiro, J. (2005), « Is there a Daily Discount Rate? Evidence from the Food Stamp Nutrition Cycle », Journal of Public Economics, 89 : 303-325.10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.05.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Soman, D., G. Ainslie, L. Xiuping, J. Lynch, A. Mitchell, D. Read, A. Sawyer, Y. Trope, K. Wertenbroch et G. Zauberman (2005), « ThePsychology of Intertemporal Discounting : Why are Distant EventsValued Differently from Proximal Ones? », Marketing Letters, 16(3/4) : 347-360.10.1007/s11002-005-5897-x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Sorger, G. (2004), « Consistent Planning under Quasi-geometric Discounting », Journal of Economic Theory, 118(1) : 118 - 129.10.1016/j.jet.2003.10.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Strotz, R. (1956), « Myopia and Inconsistency in Dynamic Utility Maximisation », Review of Economic Studies, 23 : 165-180.10.2307/2295722 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Takeuchi, K. (2008), « When Does the Future Really Start? Nonmonotonic Time Preference », Working Paper.10.1162/003355397555253 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Thaler, R. (1981), « Some Empirical Evidence on Dynamic Inconsistency », Economic Letters, 8 : 201-207.10.1016/0165-1765(81)90067-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thaler, R. et H. Shefrin (1981), « An Economic Theory of Self-control »,Journal of Political Economy, 89(2) : 392-406.10.1086/260971 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Tversky, A. et D. Kahneman (1992), « Advances in Prospect Theory : Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty », Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5 : 297-323.10.1007/BF00122574 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
von Bohm-Bawerk, E. (1889), La théorie positive du capital, Paris.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
von Mises, L. (1949), Human Action, A Treatise on Economics, New Haven : Yale University Press.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
von Neuman, J. et O. Morgenstern (1947), Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Warner, J. et S. Pleeter (2001), « The Personal Discount Rate : Evidence from Military Downsizing Programs, American Economic Review, 91 : 33-53.10.1257/aer.91.1.33 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Weil, P. (1989), « The Equity Premium Puzzle and the Risk-Free Rate Puzzle », Journal of Monetary Economics, 24(3) : 401-421.10.1016/0304-3932(89)90028-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Zauberman, G. (2003), « The Intertemporal Dynamics of Consumer-Lock-In », Journal of Consulmer Research, 30 : 405-419.10.1086/378617 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Zauberman, G., K. Kim, S. Malkoc, et J. Bettman(2009), « Discounting Time and Time Discounting :Subjective Time Perception and Intertemporal Preferences », Journal of Marketing Research, XLVI : 543-556.10.1509/jmkr.46.4.543 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar